Power system Analysis& design EE-461 1

POWER SYSTEM
ANALYSIS & DESIGN

EE 461 (3-0)
 Introduction
2

Human Biological system Power System

 Human body is  Electrical Power

constituted by a system is also
number of composed of
precious numerous
components like precious elements
Heart, Arteries, e.g., generating
veins, nervous stations, Tx Lines,
system, blood, Distribution Lines,
immunityPower
etc control,
system Analysis Ashraf Yahya
instrumentation,
 Health Monitoring system and
Diagnostics
3

 Health monitoring requires various Laboratory tests

to ascertain if different organs are functioning
correctly
(Test & measurements)
 Tests results list numerous parameters
(Data)
 These parameters are examined and compared with
limiting values
(interpretation & analysis)
 Based on analysis, any mal-operation is identified
( Problem identification/ diagnosis)
 Remedial measures are adopted
( corrective actions)
Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya
 Power System Monitoring
4

 Since Power system involves huge

investments, it must be monitored to
detect any abnormalities so as to
prevent faults and heavy repair cost of
equipments.
 Power Engineers therefore continuously
monitor, analyze system conditions and
take corrective actions.
 For system monitoring and analysis, they
employ professional power system
simulators e.g., etap, Powerworld, PSS
Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya
 Small PowerWorld Simulator
5
Case
Load with
green Bus 2
-20 MW
4 MVR
20 MW
-4 MVR Bus 1
arrows 1.00 PU

indicating
204 MW
102 MVR
Note the
1.00 PU

amount 106 MW power

of MW -34 MW -14 MW
0 MVR
balance at
150 MW AGC ON

flow 116 MVR AVR ON

10 MVR 4 MVR 100 MW
each bus
34 MW 14 MW
-10 MVR -4 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 PU
Home Area
102 MW
Used 150 MW AGC ON
51 MVR

to control 37 MVR AVR ON

output of Direction of arrow is used to indicate

generator direction
Power system of real
Analysis Ashraf Yahyapower (MW) flow
Overloaded Transmission
Line
 Steps in monitoring & Analyzing
Power system
7

 Measuring voltage, current, phase angle,

active power reactive power at various
points of the power system
( Data collection)
 Interpretation of results

( Analysis)
 Diagnostic & Troubleshooting

(Taking corrective actions)

Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya

 Various types of Analysis for
Power system
8

 Power Engineers Perform various types

of analysis:
 Load flow study/power flow Analysis:
this involves bus voltages, phase(load)
angles, Active power, reactive power flows
through lines, and losses in the system
 Fault analysis/short circuit studies: this
is used to determine current magnitude
due to different types of short circuits in the
system to select circuit breaker ratings and
relay settings
 Stability studies: this is to determine if
Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya
 COURSE OBJECTIVES
9

 This course has been designed to

introduce the importance of analyzing
various aspects of Electrical Power
System. It covers detailed study of
Power flow, fault analysis of both
symmetrical and unsymmetrical types
and stability studies of power system.
These studies form the basis of power
system operation, control and its
protection issues.
Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya
10

Specific objectives are to help student

learn:
 The admittance and impedance modeling of a Power
network and their application in power system
analysis.
 The techniques of reducing network through node
elimination.
 Power flow studies and its importance in
determining the overall condition of an existing
power network or future expansion plan.
 Computer simulations for studying load flow in a
power network.
 Symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault in a power
network. Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya
 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
11

Specific course learning outcomes are:

CLO Course Learning Outcomes PLO BT

No. Level
At the end of the course the students will be able to:

1 Model admittance and impedance matrix of a power network 1,3 C3,C6

and modify it for any change in the existing network. Also
synthesize symmetrical components to model an unbalanced
system under fault condition.
2 Apply knowledge of iterative methods for calculating bus 1,2 C2,C3
voltages, phase angles and power flows in a network. Also
apply knowledge of stability studies to determine minimum
clearing time of circuit breakers.
3 Enter system data correctly for system analysis through 1,2,4, C2,C4
computer simulation program and interpret the output data. 5 P5

Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya

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PLO No. CLO-1 CLO-2 CLO-3

PLO1-Engineering knowledge   
PLO2-Problem Analysis  
PLO3-Design/Development of solution
PLO4-Investigation 
PLO5-Modern Tool usage 
PLO6-The Engineer & society
PLO7-Environment & sustainability
PLO8-Ethics
PLO9-Individual and Team work
PLO10-Communication
PLO11-Project Management
PLO12-Lifelong Learning

Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya

 EVALUATION
13

Assessment Method CLO CLO CLO

1 2 3
Quizzes (10-15%)
Assignment – (5-10%) technical report/case study
Mini Project-(10-20%)
OHT-1 (15-20%)
OHT-2 (15-20%)
End semester Exam (40-50%)
Total (100%)

Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya

 Course Outline
14

Topics: Week

1. General introduction, the Bus admittance Matrix ,Branch and Node admittances, 1
Mutually coupled Branches in Y-bus
2. Equivalent admittance Network, Modification of Y-bus; Incidence matrix and Y-bus 2
3. Node Elimination (Gauss elimination & Kron Reduction); Triangular Factorization. 3
4. The Impedance Model and Network calculations, Thevenin’s Theorem and Z-bus; 4
Modification of an existing Z-bus
5. Direct determination of Z-bus, Power Invariant Transformations; mutually coupled 5
branches in Z- bus.
6. Power Flow studies, the Power flow problem, Gauss-Siedel iterative method and 6
algorithm for Power-flow solution
7. Newton Raphson method, NR- algorithm for Power-flow solution 7
8. Power-flow studies in system design and operation, Computer simulations 8
9 Fault Analysis: Three-phase symmetrical fault, Transient in RL series circuits, internal 9
voltages of loaded machines under fault condition
10. Fault calculations using Z-bus equivalent circuits, selection of a circuit breaker, 10,11
Unsymmetrical fault, Symmetrical Components, Sequence network of symmetrical
lines, synchronous machines and Y-Δ Transformers
11. Unsymmetrical Faults on power system; Single line to ground fault, Line to line fault 12
12. Double line to ground fault, open conductor fault. 13
13. Power system stability: The stability problem, Rotor dynamics and swing equation 14
14. Application of swing curve& solution of problems using digital computers, the power- 15
angle equation, Equal-area criterion.
 Books & reference material
15

Text Books: 1. Power System Analysis by John Grainger, William D

Stevenson Jr, McGrawHill,2003 ISBN 0-07061239-5

Reference Books:
1. Power System Analysis and design, Glover, 5th Ed.,2012, Cengagae ,
ISBN-13 978-81-315-1635-5

2. Power System Analysis, operation & control , Abhijit Chakrobarti,

2006, Prentice Hall, ISBN 81-203-2777-2

Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya

II
Review of some basic
principles
Tools for analysis of Power System

Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya

 REVIEW OF BASIC TOOLS FOR
ANALYSIS OF A POWER SYSTEM
17

 One line diagram- concise way of

representing the power system
 Impedance diagram- per phase
equivalent circuit
 Per unit system- to make calculations
easier and less prone to errors.

Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya

 ONE LINE DIAGRAM
18

 It is the symbolic representation of

power system in a concise manner.
 Gives general overview of system
components and important parameters
of each one.
 Basis: A balanced three phase system
can be represented by a single phase
equivalent circuit. Moreover , neutral line
is also not shown, leaving only a single
line to represent a three phase system.
Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya
 Symbols for electrical
19
equipment

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 Symbols used
20

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21

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 One-line diagram
22

Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya

 Impedance & reactance diagram
23

Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya

 The per unit system
24

 Power system is a large interconnected

system having circuits at various voltage
levels and of different power ratings.
 For this reason, study of power system
such as load flow problems, short circuit
calculations etc become difficult.
 To facilitate solution of such problems,
per unit system is adopted.

Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya

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 By definition, per unit value is the ratio of actual

value of any quantity and base ( or reference)
value in the same unit: Xp.u= Xactual / Xbase
 Example: a large power system having different
voltage levels in the network such as 220kV, 132
kV and 66kV. Each of these voltages can be
expressed in terms 220
of a common base value of
220 kV   1 . 0 p .u
220kV 220
132
132 kV   0 . 6 p .u
220
66
66 kV   0 . 3 p .u
220
Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya
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 Usually base kV and base kVA(or MVA)

are specified while base current and
base impedance are derived from these
two values.
kVA
base 
i
3

base
3 base kV ll
2
base kV ll
Z  base
base
MVA  3

Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya

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Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya

 Advantages of per unit system
28

 Large values are converted to smaller values,

usually less than unity. Thus calculations are
performed by handling only smaller quantities
and chances of errors are therefore minimized.
 The ohmic value of transformer Equivalent
series leakage impedance may be different
depending on the side where measurement
was performed. Per unit value of transformer
impedance however remains same irrespective
of whether the value was referred to primary or
secondary side.
Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya
 Example Problem_Grainger
29

Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya

 Example 2.5, pp:56
30

 A single phase transformer is rated

110/440 V, 2.5 KVA. Leakage reactance
measured from the low-voltage side is
0.06Ω. Determine leakage reactance in
per unit. Also determine the ohmic and
per unit value referring the reactance to
High voltage side.

Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya

 Changing the base of p.u quantities
31

 Sometimes the p.u impedance of a

component of the system is expressed
on a base other than its own.
 We can convert per unit impedance of
one base to another base by the
formula:

p.u Z
basekV given 2
basekVA 
p.u Z new 
 
new
given
 base 2
 basekVAgiven
 kV new 
Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya
 Example: The reactance of a Generator designated X” is given
as 0.25 p.u based on the generator’s nameplate rating of 18
KV,500MVA. The base for calculations is 20 kV,100MVA. Calculate X”
on the new base.
32

 By first determining the  Using formula of change

actual (ohmic)reactance of base:
value and then converting
it to p.u with respect to
new base.

Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya

 Example:

33

A 300 MVA,20kV three-phase generator has sub-transient

reactance of 20%. The generator supplies a number of
synchronous motors over a 64-km(40 mi) transmission line
having transformers at both ends. The motors all rated at 13.2kV
are represented by just two equivalent motors. The neutral of
one of the motors M1 is grounded through reactance. Then
neutral of the other motor M2 is not grounded. Rated inputs to
the motors are 200MVA ad 100MVA for M1 and M2 respectively.
For both motors X”=20%. The three phase transformer T1 is
rated 350MVA, 230/20KV with leakage reactance of 10%.
Transformer T2 is composed of bank of single phase transformers
each rated 127/13.2kV,10MVA with leakage reactance of 10%.
Series reactance of transmission line is 0.5Ω/km. Draw the
reactance diagram with all reactances marked in per unit. Use
the generator rating as base in generator circuit.

Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya

III Basics of network analysis
A refresher

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 NODE EQUATIONS
35

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 Y-bus of the system
38

Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya

 Separating out the entries
39
of a bus

Power system Analysis Ashraf Yahya