COMPUTER

SCIENCE &
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
What is a Computer?
 What is a Computer?

• Computer is an electronic device used

to process data and convert it into
information. It can store, retrieve, and
process data.
• A general-purpose machine that
processes data according to a set of
instructions that are stored internally
either temporarily or permanently.
 Outpu
Input t

Proce
ss
Computer Generations
 Zeroth Generation
• Man used his fingers, ropes, beads,
bones, pebbles and other objects for
counting.
• Abacus
• Electricity was not yet invented
 FIRST GENERATION

• 1940 – 1958: The Vacuum Tube

• The first generation of computers,
characterized by vacuum tubes, started
in 1951 with the creation of –
• UNIVAC (Universal Automatic
Computer) – a tabulating machine which
won the contest for the fastest machine.
• VACUUM TUBES – electronic tubes about
the size of light bulbs.
• an early computer
• developed at UPenn
• Size: 30’ x 50’ room
• 18,000 vacuum tubes
• 1500 relays
• weighed 30 tons
• designers
• John Mauchly
• J. Presper Eckert
 Advantages
• Vacuum tubes were the only electronic
components available during those days.
• Vacuum tube technology made possible
the advent of electronic digital
computers.
• These computers were the fastest
calculating devices of their time. They
could perform computations in
milliseconds.
 Disadvantages
• They generate more heat causing many
problems in temperature regulation and
climate control.
• Tubes were subject to frequent burn-
out.
• Too bulky in size and not portable
• Commercial production was difficult and
costly.
• Limited commercial use.
 Second Generation
• 1959 – 1964: The Transistor
• The year 1959 marked the invention of transistors,
which characterized the second generation of
computers.
• TRANSISTOR – was a three-legged component which
shrunk the size of the first generation computers.
Occupied only 1/100th of the space occupied by a
vacuum tube
• More reliable, had greater computational speed,
required no warm-up time and consumed far less
electricity.
 Advantages
• Smaller in size as compared to first generation
computers.
• More reliable.
• Less heat generated.
• These computers were able to reduce
computational times.
• Less prone to hardware failures.
• Better portability.
• Wider commercial use.
 Disadvantages

• Air-conditioning required.
• Frequent maintenance required.
• Commercial production was difficult and
costly.
 Third Generation
• 1965 – 1970: The Integrated Circuit
• Third generation computers arose in
1965 with the invention of smaller
electronic circuits called integrated
circuits (IC’S)
• INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – are square
silicon chips containing circuitry that
can perform the functions of hundreds
of transistors.
 Advantages
• RELIABILITY – Unlike vacuum tubes, silicon will not break down
easily. It is very seldom that you will have to replace it.
• LOW COST – Silicon chips are relatively cheap because of their small
size and availability in the market. It also consumes less electricity.
• LOWER Heat generated than second generation computers.
• These computers were able to reduce computational times from
microseconds to nanoseconds
• Maintenance cost is low because hardware failures are rare.
• Easily portable.
• Totally general purpose. Widely used for various commercial
applications.
• Less power requirement than previous generation computers.
 Disadvantages
• Air-conditioning required in many cases.
• Highly sophisticated technology
required for the manufacture of IC chips
 Fourth Generation
• 1971 – present: The Microprocessor
• Marked by the use of microprocessor
• MICROPROCESSOR – is a silicon chip
that contains the CPU – part of the
computer where all processing takes
place.
• 4004 chip – was the first
microprocessor introduced by Intel
Corporation.
 Fifth Generation

• Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• the science and engineering of making intelligent
machines
• Artificial
• Made by humans; produced rather than natural.
• Intelligence
• The capacity to acquire and apply knowledge.
• The faculty of thought and reason.
• Superior powers of mind.
• AI research is highly technical
• Its still in development, though there are some
applications, such as voice recognition, AI Games
etc.. that are being used today
• Scientists are now at work on the fifth generation
computers - a promise, but not yet a reality.
• They aim to bring us machines with genuine I.Q., the
ability to reason logically, and with real knowledge of
the world
• The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop
devices that respond to natural language input and
are capable of learning and self-organization.
• Some scientists still doubtful that true AI can never
be possible.
 Today’s Computer
• is classified as fourth generation computers.
• faster, more powerful, tremendous data storage
and processing capacity
• new brands and models would come out the
market almost every other month.
• computers became more affordable
• there has been a tremendous improvement in
software technology
• different software applications to choose from:
word processing, spreadsheets, database
management, games and entertainment
 Classification of
Computers
• Super Computer
• Main Frame Computers
• Mini Computers
• Micro Computers
• Laptop Computers
• Smart Phones
• Tabs etc.
 Machine Language
• Computer only understand machine language also called
as Low Level Language.
• i.e. 10101011000011110
• ASCII Codes (Total 256)
• American Standard Code for Information Interchange
• Each letter on the keyboard has a ASCII code, so that
computer can understand it.
• Engineers develop software in ‘Human Language’ (High
Level) that is not understandable for computer, we use
compilers and interpreters to convert ‘Human
Language’ into ‘Machine Language’.
 ASCII of Letter A is 65

65
2 32 1
2 16 0
2 8 0
2 4 0
2 2 0
2 1 0
So the ASCII of Letter ‘A’ is
1000001
 Unit of Data

• The smallest unit of data is

• BIT
• Binary DigIT
• One (1) BIT contains either ‘0’ or ‘1’

• 8 BIT makes 1 Byte

• 11001100 1
• These 8 BITs Makes 1 Byte
• 1 bit = a 1 or 0 (b)
• 8 bits = 1 byte (B)
• 1024 bytes = 1 Kilobyte (KB)
• 1024 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte (MB)
• 1024 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte (GB)
• 1024 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte (TB)
• 1024 Terabytes = 1 Petabyte (PB)
Types of Memory
• Volatile Memory
• is computer memory that requires power to maintain the
stored information. e,g. RAM (Random Access Memory).
• Non-Volatile Memory
• is computer memory that can retain the stored
information even when not powered. Examples of non-
volatile memory include read-only memory ROM, flash
memory, most types of magnetic computer storage
devices e.g. hard disks, optical discs etc.
• Virtual Memory
• is a system where all physical memory is controlled by
the operating system. When a program needs memory, it
requests it from the operating system. The operating
system then decides what physical location to place the
memory in.
Computer Data Storage
• Primary storage
• Secondary storage
• Tertiary storage
• Off-line storage
 Primary Storage
• Primary Storage (or main memory or internal
memory),
• often referred to simply as memory, is the only one
directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously
reads instructions stored there and executes them as
required. Any data actively operated on is also stored
there in uniform manner.
• e.g.
• RAM (Random Access Memory), ROM (Read Only
Memory), PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory),
EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)
etc.
 Secondary Storage
• Secondary Storage (also known as external memory),
• differs from primary storage
• not directly accessible by the CPU.
• The computer usually uses its input/output channels to access
secondary storage and transfers the desired data using
intermediate area in primary storage.
• Secondary storage does not lose the data when the device is
powered down - it is non-volatile.
• Less expensive than primary storage.
• e.g.
• HDD (Hard Disk Drive, Tape Drive, CD (Compact Disk) etc.
 Tertiary Storage

• Tertiary Storage or tertiary memory

• Third level of storage.
• Typically it involves a robotic mechanism
which will mount (insert) and dismount
removable mass storage media into a
storage device according to the system's
demands.
• e.g.
• SAN (Storage Area Network), Domain Servers
• Off-Line Storage
• is a computer data storage on a medium or a device
that is not under the control of a processing unit.
• The medium is recorded, usually in a secondary or
tertiary storage device, and then physically
removed or disconnected.
• It must be inserted or connected by a human
operator before a computer can access it again.
• e.g.
• Flash Drive, (Pen Drive, USB Drive)
 Basic Parts?
Equipment attached to computer
are called HARDWARE.
The instructions that tell it what to
do are called SOFTWARE.
 Hardware

• The hardware is the part of the

computer you can touch and see.
• Input
• Processing
• Output
• Storage
• Network
 Hardware

• The Computer, tower or case is the heart of

the system.  This is a box that contains all
the parts that make the computer work.
• The Monitor is the display screen, similar to
a television screen.
• The Keyboard is what you type on, similar to
a typewriter.
• The Mouse is the small hand held device that
attaches to the computer.
 Hardware

• The Printer is a device that puts what

you have created on to paper.
• The Scanner similar to a color
photocopier is a device that captures
pictures or documents, so that they can
be seen or used on the computer.
• The Laptop also known as a notebook
computer is a small personal computer
designed for mobile use.
 Hardware

• Hard Disk Drive HDD and SSD

• A Floppy Disk (sometimes just called a
“disk”).
• A CD-ROM & DVD ROM is very similar
to a stereo’s CD player.  It is also
available in other formats such as DVD-
ROM.
• Switch, Router, Modem

• FAX machine. ???

CPU
 ALU
Arithmetic
Logical Unit

Unit
Control
CU
 Control Unit (CU)

• The control unit determines the sequence in

which computer programs and instructions
are executed. Things like processing of
programs stored in the main memory,
interpretation of the instructions etc.
• Thereby it coordinates the activities of
computer’s peripheral equipment as they
perform the input, output and storage.
• Therefore it is the manager of all operations.
 Arithmetic Logical Unit
(ALU)
• After you enter data through the input
device it is stored in the primary storage
unit. The actual processing of the data
and instruction are performed by
Arithmetic Logical Unit.
• The major operations performed by the
ALU are addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, logic and
comparison.
 Software

• Software is a part of the computer you

cannot touch. 
• Software consist of computer programs and
procedures that perform some tasks on
your computer.
• Example – Any program on your Television.
• Program is software (Cannot be touch)
• Television is hardware (Can be touch)
• Computer software is divided into three
basic types.
• System Software
• Application Software
• Programming Software
 Software

• System software
• Operating System is the base program on a
computer.  It tells the computer (hardware)
how to work or operate. 
• The operating system also allows you to load
other programs that do specialized tasks on
to your computer.
• e.g. (Windows 9x, XP and Vista, 7), Unix,
Linux, AIX, Sun Solaris, MAC
 Software

• Application software
• Application software allows you to
accomplish one or more specific (non-
computer related) tasks. Such as computer
games for entertainment or Microsoft Word
for typing.
• e.g. MS Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint,
Access), Games, Media Player, Acrobat
Reader, Anti Virus etc
 Software

• Programming software
• Programming software provides tools to
assist a computer programmer in writing
programs and software.
• e.g. Visual Studio (VB6, ASP, VB.Net,
ASP.Net), JAVA, Photoshop, C++, etc
• CPU – Central • VGA Card – Video
Processing Unit Graphic Adapter
• NIC – Network • CD & DVD – Compact
Interface Card Dick & Digital Video
Disk
• LAN Card – Local
Area Network Card • FDD & HDD – Floppy
Disk Drive, Hard Disk
• Modem – Modulation
Drive
and Demodulation
• I/O Card- Input • USB - Universal Serial
Output Card Bus

• Sound Card • LCD - Liquid Crystal

Display
How to Start?
 BOOTING-UP YOUR
COMPUTER
• Check power cables of monitor and CPU
• Check there should not be any FDD, CD
& DVD or USB device attach with your
computer
• Power-on the computer
• Start using the computer after your
windows desktop is completely loaded.
 Operating System

• As an operating system Windows 7,8,10

manages all that the computer does.
The main screen is called the "Desktop"
you can get to everything your computer
can do. 
“Desktop”
 Icons

• On the desktop screen you will see

several small pictures. These pictures
are called "Icons."  Double clicking the
left mouse button on an Icon will start
the programs it represents.  Another
way to start programs is by using the
“Start” button can do. 
“Icons”
 “Start”

• The "Start" button is probably the most

used part of the Windows Desktop.  The
start button is where you access all the
programs on the computer.  When you
click on the "Start" button you will be
shown a menu of the major computer
headings. These headings provide
access to the major programs on your
computer.
“Start”
 Menus

• When you click on the "Start" button a

menu with options will appear.  Moving
the mouse over the items in the menu
causes them to highlight.  Clicking on a
highlighted item will open that program.
To close the "Start" menu click on the
screen anywhere other then the menu.
“Menu”
 Selecting a program

• Moving the mouse over a menu item

marked with an arrow as shown below
will open another list with more options.
 Selecting a program
“Programs”
List
• To see all the programs
available for you to use on
your computer click on the
Start button and in the menu
that appears, highlight the
item named “Programs.”  A
new list will appear that
holds more selections. 
Explore these lists to see all
the programs available to
you.  When you have found
the program that you want to
use click on its icon.
 Taskbar
• The taskbar can be recognized by the "Start" button
located on its left hand side and the clock on its
right.  To switch between programs that are running
at the same time, click on the program buttons
shown on the taskbar.  This is demonstrated below.
Windows has the ability to run several programs at
once and to easily switch back and forth between
running programs.  All programs currently running
are shown on the windows "taskbar."  The taskbar is
a bar with pictures on in it that runs across the very
bottom of the screen. 

“Taskbar” “Taskpane”
 What is a “Window”?

• A Window is one of many basic feature

of the Microsoft Windows Operating
System Software. Windows allow you
perform multiple tasks by running
multiple programs simultaneously.
“Window”
 Moving your program
window.
• Click and hold down the mouse button on the
colored bar (also called Title Bar) at the top of
any program window.  While holding down the
mouse button drag the window to where you
would like it on the screen.  This cannot be done
when a window is open to full screen.
“Address Bar” “Colored Bar” “Menu
Bar”
“Tool
Bar”
 Moving your program
window.
• Close -- Click on the button marked with an “x.” 
Clicking on this button stops the program you are using.
• Restore -- This button will restore a program's window
to its original size.  The original size of a window is a
little bit smaller then full screen.
• Maximize -- This button opens a program's window so
that it fills the screen as much as it can.
• Minimize -- This button puts a program on hold and
places it on the taskbar at the bottom of your screen. 
To re-open a program that is on the taskbar click on the
box which represents the program you want to open. 
 Moving your program
window.
• Resizing -- When the mouse (cursor) is
positioned over this part of the program
window, a set of arrows appears. When
these arrows appear click and hold the
mouse button down. You will now be
able to stretch the program window in
any direction.

Resizing”
 Shutting Down

• Shutting down
• Close all program
• Press start button
• Click on shutdown (Turn Off)
• Turn-Off
Thank You