Logic
PROPOSITIONS
Three Basic Elements
1 2 3
Subject Copula Predicate
Affirmative or Negative is
Quality of determined by the copula
Proposition
“is” or “are”; “is not” or
“are not”
The quality of a proposition affects the quantity of terms:
If the proposition is affirmative the
predicate term is particular.
If the propositions is negative the
predicate term is universal.
The quantity of a proposition
• Either universal or particular
• It can determined by the quantity of the
subject term.
a. the subject term is universal, the quantity of
the proposition is also universal.
b. If the subject term particular, the quantity of
the proposition is also particular.
Ordinary Propositions
• a non- standard propositions
• reduce or translate ordinary propositions into standard form
categorical propositons.
Have subject terms that
are explicitly singular (ex.
Singular Propositions Proper nouns ) but are
treated universal.
Ex. Socrates is a man.
Socrates is not a man.
Propositions that have no
Indefinite Propositions definite sign or quantity
attached to the subject.
Ex. Lions are carnivorous animal.
Lions are circus animals.
Lions are not vegetarian animals.
Ordinary Propositions
• a non- standard propositions
• reduce or translate ordinary propositions into standard form
categorical propositons.
Terms used in
propositions must
Propositions with Adjectives denote a class of objects
to be properly quantified
universal or particular.
Ex. Some roses are red.
Lucy is beautiful.
Ordinary Propositions
• a non- standard propositions
• reduce or translate ordinary propositions into standard form
categorical propositons.
There should be a
standard qualifier/ copula.
Propositions with non-standard verbs Verbs are unsound to be
used in a standard form
categorical propositions.
Ex. Apo members sang the song
“Magkaisa”.
The Philippines participated in the
Atlanta Olympic Games.
Ordinary Propositions
• a non- standard propositions
• reduce or translate ordinary propositions into standard form
categorical propositons.
Affirmative Propositions w/ non- Quantifiers refer to the
term signifying the
Standard Quantifiers quantity or number of
objects.
All- universal affirmative propositions
Some- particular affirmative propositions Ex. Every student is a learner.
Indefinite Pronouns- every, any, everything, Not every student participate
anything, and anywhere = All in the symposium.
Pronouns- whoever, wherever and whatever = All Whoever is handsome is my
The articles “a”, “an”, and the = All or Some husband.
The indefinite pronouns- several, few, many, most, A Filipino is an Asian.
two, three, like = Some A Filipino is a hospitable person.
The pronoun “there” = Some The snake is a dangerous creature.
Nine students are late.
Negative Propositions w/ non- Standard Quantifiers
Indefinite Pronouns- nothing, none, no one = No
Ex. None of the damned is happy.
Nothing beautiful is ugly.
They are not categorical
The Conditional Statements propositions but they can
be translated into a
categorical one.
Conditional statements are those that have two
propositions: the antecedent and the consequent
Ex. If an animal has four legs, then
it is not a bird.
If it is a mouse, then it is a
mammal.
One must understand the
meaning first before
The Exclusive Propositions
translating it into
standard form categorical
proposition
Some propositions have subject term preceded by
the words “only” and “none but”
Ex. Only men are priest
Are known as multiple
The Exceptive Propositions propositions for they
make two assertions
rather than one.
Ex. All except women will be vaccinated.
1.Imelda wants Cory exiled into an
island.
2.Few Filipino families do not receive
an award.
3.Nobody who is a loyalist is an
opponent.
4.Artworks are expensive.
5.An earthquake kills 10, 000 lives.
Exciting new transitions
What about the beautiful transitions
you’ve been seeing?
They are new too.
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