Scribd
Upload
66 views21 pages

Ch6 - Waves & Energy Part 1

This document discusses electromagnetic wave propagation. It begins by introducing unbounded and guided electromagnetic waves. It then discusses time-harmonic fields and defines plane wave propagation in lossless and lossy media. Key points include that electromagnetic waves propagate through media without interacting with obstacles, and plane waves have uniform properties across an infinite plane with electric and magnetic field components perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

Uploaded by

Ashraf Yusof
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
66 views21 pages

Ch6 - Waves & Energy Part 1

This document discusses electromagnetic wave propagation. It begins by introducing unbounded and guided electromagnetic waves. It then discusses time-harmonic fields and defines plane wave propagation in lossless and lossy media. Key points include that electromagnetic waves propagate through media without interacting with obstacles, and plane waves have uniform properties across an infinite plane with electric and magnetic field components perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

Uploaded by

Ashraf Yusof
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

CHAPTER 6:

WAVES & ENERGY

PART 1

EMT238 – ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY


Contents
 Introduction – Unbounded EM waves
 Time-harmonic fields
 Plane-wave propagation in lossless media
 Wave polarization
 Plane-wave propagation on lossy media
 Current flow in good conductor
 Electromagnetic power density
Introduction – unbounded EM wave
 Time varying electric field produce magnetic
field and vice versa  results in EM waves
propagating through free space and material
media.
 Wave propagate through homogenous
medium without interacting with obstacle or
material interface  unbounded (e.g. light
wave by sun & radio transmission by
antenna)
 Wave may propagate in both lossless (air and
perfect dielectrics) and lossy (nonzero
conductivity such as water) media.
 Wave produced by localized source  expend
outwardly in form of spherical wave.
 For observer very far away  spherical wave
appear approx uniform plane wave.
Introduction – guided EM wave
 When wave propagates along a
material structure  guided.
 Earth’s surface and ionosphere
constitute parallel boundaries 
guiding shortwave radio
transmission.
 In transmission line circuit 
associate with voltage difference
between inner and outer
conductor  radial E exist in
dielectric material between
conductors & current flowing
through inner conductor induces
azimuthal H  coupled field
produced EM wave
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
Waves – mean of transporting energy or information.
Waves – function of both space and time.

  EM waves: radio waves,   Should assume in time


TV signal, radar beams, harmonic.
light rays, etc.  Time-harmonic field –
 EM wave motion in: varies periodically or
sinusoidally with time.
 Free space ()
 Lossless dielectrics ()
 Easily express in phasor.
 Lossy dielectrics ()
 Good conductors () (rectangular) (polar
form)
Waves in General

 Scalar
  wave equation:

  : wave velocity
 Assume harmonic (or sinusoidal) time dependence

 By using separation of variables method and assume


  E: phasor
travel in z-plane:
form
 Positive z-travel:
 Negative z-travel:
 Summation:

A & B = constant
Characteristic of Wave

 Consider
 
 Characteristic of the wave:
 It is time harmonic – time dependence of .
 Amplitude of wave A has the same unit as E.
 The phase (in radians) of the wave – depend on time, t and space variable, z.
 The angular frequency, in rad/s while phase constant or wavenumber, in rad/m.
 E varies with time, t and space variable z  plot E as function of t or z.
 Wave takes distance to repeat itself  wavelength
 Wave takes time T to repeat itself  period

  where   𝐴
and 
 or

−  𝐴  𝜆
  or
Waves in General

 A
  wave is a function of both time
and space.
 Though time is arbitrary
selected as reference – wave is
without beginning or end.
 Sign associate with wave
propagation: (-) for wave
propagating in +z direction
while (+) for –z direction.
 Since whereas

 
Time-Harmonic Fields
 Time-varying
  electric and magnetic fields (E, D, B and H)
and their source ( and J) depend on spatial coordinates
(x,y,z) and time variable .
 If time variation is sinusoidal with angular frequency 
represented by phasor.

  Maxwell’s equations:   Maxwell’s equations in phasor


Maxwell’s equations in phasor
domain:
Complex Permittivity

   a medium with conductivity  .
In
 Assuming no other current flows in the medium:

 Complex permittivity,

 Taking divergence of both sides . By comparing to . Maxwell’s


equation become:

 
with

In lossless medium, 
Wave Equation

 Derive
  wave equation for and to obtain expression of and as a function
of spatial variables (x,y,z).
 Taking curl of both sides:

 Curl of the curl of :


 Where is the Laplacian of :
 Since  which is known as homogeneous wave equation for .
 Propagation constant, 
 Wave equation for :
 Wave equation for :
Plane-Wave Propagation in Lossless Media
 The
  properties of an EM wave depend on .
 If the medium is nonconducting ()  wave does not suffer
any attenuation as it travels  lossless.
 In lossless medium, and .
 Wavenumber, 
Uniform Plane Waves

 Electric
  field phasor defined in Cartesian coordinates:

 Substitute :

 Each vector component on left-hand side must vanish:

similar expression apply to and .


 A uniform plane wave is characterized by electric and magnetic fields
that have uniform properties at all points across an infinite plane.
 If this happen to be the x-y plane, then E and H do not vary with x or y:
Uniform Plane Waves

 If
  this happen to be the x-y plane, then E and H do not vary with x or y:
 Similar expression apply to , and . The remaining components of and
are zero: . To prove, consider in z component:

Since . similar result is obtain for .


 Plane wave has no electric field and magnetic-field components along
its direction of propagation.
Uniform Plane Waves
 General form of phasor quantity : Amplitude wave traveling in -z direction
  
Amplitude wave traveling in +z direction
 Assume only has component along x and associated with wave
traveling in +z direction:
  To find magnetic field :   Resulted in:

 Electric and magnetic fields of a


plane wave are perpendicular:

 Intrinsic impedance of a lossless


medium:
Uniform Plane Waves

 In
  general case (in cylindrical and 
 Phase
  velocity of wave:
spherical coordinates)
 Wavelength:
 The instantaneous electric and
magnetic fields:  In vacuum  and

Where c is velocity of light

Where is intrinsic impedance of free


space.
 E(z,t) and H(z,t) exhibit the same
functional dependence on z and t
 in phase.
Example 4
  
The electric field of a 1 MHz plane wave travelling in
the +z direction in air points along the x direction. If
this field reaches a peak value of 1.2 (mV/m) at t=0
and z=50 m,
1. Obtain expression for E(z,t) and H(z,t)
2. Plot them as a function of z at t=0.

 
Example 4 – solution
Example 4 – solution
General relation between E & H

  For any uniform plane traveling in


an arbitrary direction denoted by :

 Apply right-hand rule: rotate 4


fingers from direction of E toward
H, the thumb points in the
direction of wave travel .
 Above relations are valid for both
lossless and lossy media.
Wave decomposition

 Uniform
  plane wave traveling in +z
direction may have both x & y
component:

 Associated magnetic field is:

 Using general formula:

 By comparing:
 General formula:
 The wave maybe considered the sum of
two waves, one with electric and
magnetic components.

You might also like