Edited by: Eng.

Javier Daza

Source: https://www.google.com.co/search?q=10+technology+trends+for+2018+by+gartner&dcr=0&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-usbDhZLZAhVHzlkKHbWxDf4Q_AUICigB&biw=1536&bih=779#imgrc=3gVAad-KLp5ueM://
IP Addresses

IP Addresses:
Classful Addressing
 CONTENTS

• INTRODUCTION
• CLASSFUL ADDRESSING
• Different Network Classes
• Subnetting
• Classless Addressing
• Supernetting
• CIDR (classless Interdomain Routing)
INTRODUCTION
What is an IP Address?

An IP address is a
32-bit
address.

The IP addresses
are
unique.
Address Space
…………..
addr1 …………..
addr15
addr2 ………….. …………..
…………..
addr41 addr226
addr31
………….. …………..
 Address space rule
…………..
addr1 …………..
addr15
addr2 …………..
The address space in a protocol
…………..
…………..
That uses N-bitsaddr41
to define an
addr226
Address addr31
is:
………….. …………..

2 N
IPv4 address space

The address space of IPv4 is

232
or
4,294,967,296.
 Binary Notation

01110101 10010101 00011101 11101010

Dotted-decimal notation
 Hexadecimal Notation

0111 0101 1001 0101 0001 1101 1110 1010

75 95 1D EA

0x75951DEA
 Example 1

Change the following IP address from

binary notation to dotted-decimal notation.
10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111

Solution

129.11.11.239
 Example 2

Change the following IP address from

dotted-decimal notation to binary
notation:
111.56.45.78
Solution

01101111 00111000 00101101 01001110

 Example 3

Find the error in the following IP Address

111.56.045.78

Solution

There are no leading zeroes in

Dotted-decimal notation (045)
 Example 3 (continued)

Find the error in the following IP Address

75.45.301.14

Solution

In decimal notation each number <= 255

301 is out of the range
 Example 4

Change the following binary IP address

Hexadecimal notation
10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111

Solution

0X810B0BEF or 810B0BEF16
 CLASSFUL
ADDRESSING
Occupation of the address space
In classful addressing the address space is
divided into 5 classes:

A, B, C, D, and E.
Finding the class in binary notation
Finding the address class
 Example 5

Show that Class A has

231 = 2,147,483,648 addresses
 Example 6

Find the class of the following IP addresses

00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
11000001 00001011 00001011 11101111

Solution

• 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111

1st is 0, hence it is Class A
• 11000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
1st and 2nd bits are 1, and 3rd bit is 0 hence, Class C
Finding the class in decimal notation
 Example 7

Find the class of the following addresses

158.223.1.108
227.13.14.88

Solution
• 158.223.1.108
1st byte = 158 (128<158<191) class B
• 227.13.14.88
1st byte = 227 (224<227<239) class D
 IP address with appending port number

• 158.128.1.108:25
• the for octet before colon is the IP address
• The number of colon (25) is the port number
Netid and hostid
Blocks in class A
Millions of class A addresses
are wasted.
Blocks in class B
Many class B addresses
are wasted.
Blocks in class C
 The number of addresses in
a class C block
is smaller than
the needs of most organizations.
 Class D addresses
are used for multicasting;
there is only
one block in this class.
Class E addresses are reserved
for special purposes;
most of the block is wasted.
 Network Addresses

The network address is the first address.

The network address defines the network
to the rest of the Internet.
Given the network address, we can find
the class of the address, the block, and the
range of the addresses in the block
 In classful addressing,
the network address
(the first address in the block)
is the one that is assigned
to the organization.
 Example 8

Given the network address 132.21.0.0, find the

class, the block, and the range of the addresses

Solution

The 1st byte is between 128 and 191.

Hence, Class B
The block has a netid of 132.21.
The addresses range from
132.21.0.0 to 132.21.255.255.
 Mask

• A mask is a 32-bit binary number.

• The mask is ANDeD with IP address to get
• The bloc address (Network address)
• Mask And IP address = Block Address
Masking concept
AND operation
 The network address is the
beginning address of each block.
It can be found by applying
the default mask to
any of the addresses in the block
(including itself).
It retains the netid of the block
and sets the hostid to zero.
 Default Mak

• Class A default mask is 255.0.0.0

• Class B default mask is 255.255.0.0
• Class C Default mask 255.255.255.0
Subnetting/Supernetting
and
Classless Addressing
 CONTENTS
• SUBNETTING
• SUPERNETTING
• CLASSLESS ADDRSSING
SUBNETTING
IP addresses are designed with
two levels of hierarchy.
A network with two levels of
hierarchy (not subnetted)
A network with three levels of
hierarchy (subnetted)
 Note

• Subnetting is done by borrowing

bits from the host part and add
them the network part
Addresses in a network with
and without subnetting
Default mask and subnet mask
 Finding the Subnet Address

Given an IP address, we can find the

subnet address the same way we
found the network address.
We apply the mask to the address.
We can do this in two ways: straight
or short-cut.
Straight Method
In the straight method, we use
binary notation for both the
address and the mask and then
apply the AND operation to find
the subnet address.
 Example 9

What is the subnetwork address if

the destination address is
200.45.34.56
and the subnet mask is
255.255.240.0?
 Solution

11001000 00101101 00100010 00111000

11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
11001000 00101101 00100000 00000000

The subnetwork address is 200.45.32.0.

Short-Cut Method
** If the byte in the mask is 255, copy
the byte in the address.
** If the byte in the mask is 0, replace
the byte in the address with 0.
** If the byte in the mask is neither
255 nor 0, we write the mask and the
address in binary and apply the AND
operation.
 Example 10

What is the subnetwork address if the

destination address is 19.30.80.5 and
the mask is 255.255.192.0?

Solution

See next slide

Solution
Comparison of a default mask and
a subnet mask
The number of subnets must be
a power of 2.
 Example 11

A company is granted the site address

201.70.64.0 (class C). The company needs
six subnets. Design the subnets.

Solution

The number of 1s in the default

mask is 24 (class C).
 Solution (Continued)

The company needs six subnets. This number

6 is not a power of 2. The next number that is
a power of 2 is 8 (23). We need 3 more 1s in
the subnet mask. The total number of 1s in
the subnet mask is 27 (24 + 3).
The total number of 0s is 5 (32 - 27). The
mask is
 Solution (Continued)

11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000

or
255.255.255.224
The number of subnets is 8.
The number of addresses in each subnet is 25 (5 is the
number of 0s) or 32.
See Next slide
Example 3
 Example 12

A company is granted the site address

181.56.0.0 (class B). The company needs
1000 subnets. Design the subnets.

Solution

The number of 1s in the default mask is 16

(class B).
 Solution (Continued)

The company needs 1000 subnets. This

number is not a power of 2. The next
number that is a power of 2 is 1024 (210).
We need 10 more 1s in the subnet mask.
The total number of 1s in the subnet mask
is 26 (16 + 10).
The total number of 0s is 6 (32 - 26).
 Solution (Continued)
The mask is

11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000

or
255.255.255.192.
The number of subnets is 1024.
The number of addresses in each subnet is 26
(6 is the number of 0s) or 64.
… See next slide
Example 4
Variable-length subnetting
SUPERNETTING
 What is suppernetting?

• Supernetting is the opposite of subnetting

• In subnetting you borrow bits from the
host part
• Supernetting is done by borrowing bits
from the network side.
• And combine a group of networks into one
large supernetwork.
A supernetwork
Rules:
 The number of blocks must be a power of 2 (1,
2, 4, 8, 16, . . .).
 The blocks must be contiguous in the address
space (no gaps between the blocks).
 The third byte of the first address in the
superblock must be evenly divisible by the
number of blocks. In other words, if the number
of blocks is N, the third byte must be divisible by
N.
 Example 5
A company needs 600 addresses. Which of
the following set of class C blocks can be
used to form a supernet for this company?
198.47.32.0 198.47.33.0 198.47.34.0
198.47.32.0 198.47.42.0 198.47.52.0 198.47.62.0
198.47.31.0 198.47.32.0 198.47.33.0 198.47.52.0
198.47.32.0 198.47.33.0 198.47.34.0 198.47.35.0
 Solution

1: No, there are only three blocks.

2: No, the blocks are not contiguous.
3: No, 31 in the first block is not divisible by 4.
4: Yes, all three requirements are fulfilled.
 In subnetting,
we need the first address of the
subnet and the subnet mask to
define the range of addresses.
 In supernetting,
we need the first address of
the supernet
and the supernet mask to
define the range of addresses.
Comparison of subnet, default,
and supernet masks
 Example 13
We need to make a supernetwork out of
16 class C blocks. What is the supernet
mask?
Solution
We need 16 blocks. For 16 blocks we need to change four 1s to 0s in
the default mask. So the mask is
11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
or
255.255.240.0
 Example 14

A supernet has a first address of 205.16.32.0

and a supernet mask of 255.255.248.0. A router
receives three packets with the following
destination addresses:
205.16.37.44
205.16.42.56
205.17.33.76
Which packet belongs to the supernet?
 Solution

We apply the supernet mask to see if we can

find the beginning address.
205.16.37.44 AND 255.255.248.0  205.16.32.0
205.16.42.56 AND 255.255.248.0  205.16.40.0
205.17.33.76 AND 255.255.248.0  205.17.32.0
Only the first address belongs to this supernet.
 Example 15

A supernet has a first address of 205.16.32.0 and a

supernet mask of 255.255.248.0. How many blocks are
in this supernet and what is the range of addresses?

Solution
The supernet has 21 1s. The default mask has 24 1s.
Since the difference is 3, there are 23 or 8 blocks in this
supernet. The blocks are 205.16.32.0 to 205.16.39.0. The
first address is 205.16.32.0. The last address is
CLASSLESS
ADDRESSING
Variable-length blocks
Number of Addresses in a Block
There is only one condition on the
number of addresses in a block; it must
be a power of 2 (2, 4, 8, . . .). A household
may be given a block of 2 addresses. A
small business may be given 16 addresses.
A large organization may be given 1024
addresses.
Beginning Address
The beginning address must be evenly
divisible by the number of addresses. For
example, if a block contains 4 addresses, the
beginning address must be divisible by 4. If
the block has less than 256 addresses, we need
to check only the rightmost byte. If it has less
than 65,536 addresses, we need to check only
the two rightmost bytes, and so on.
 Example 16
Which of the following can be the beginning address
of a block that contains 1024 addresses?
205.16.37.32
190.16.42.0
17.17.32.0
123.45.24.52
Solution
To be divisible by 1024, the rightmost byte of an address should be 0
and the second rightmost byte must be divisible by 4. Only the
address 17.17.32.0 meets this condition.
Slash notation
Slash notation is also called
CIDR
notation.
 Example 17

A small organization is given a block

with the beginning address and the
prefix length 205.16.37.24/29 (in slash
notation). What is the range of the
block?
 Solution
• The beginning address is 205.16.37.24.
To find the last address we keep the
first 29 bits and change the last 3 bits to
1s.
• Beginning: 11001111 00010000 00100101 00011000
• Ending : 11001111 00010000 00100101 00011111
• There are only 8 addresses in this block.
 Example 17 cont’d

We can find the range of addresses in

Example 17 by another method. We can
argue that the length of the suffix is 32 -
29 or 3. So there are 23 = 8 addresses in
this block. If the first address is
205.16.37.24, the last address is
205.16.37.31 (24 + 7 = 31).
 A block in classes A, B, and C
can easily be represented in slash
notation as
A.B.C.D/ n
where n is
either 8 (class A), 16 (class B), or
24 (class C).
 Example 18
What is the network address if one of the addresses is
167.199.170.82/27?

Solution

The prefix length is 27, which means that we

must keep the first 27 bits as is and change the
remaining bits (5) to 0s. The 5 bits affect only
the last byte. The last byte is 01010010.
Changing the last 5 bits to 0s, we get 01000000
or 64. The network address is 167.199.170.64/27.
 Example 19
An organization is granted the block 130.34.12.64/26. The
organization needs to have four subnets. What are the subnet
addresses and the range of addresses for each subnet?

Solution

The suffix length is 6. This means the total number

of addresses in the block is 64 (2 6). If we create
four subnets, each subnet will have 16 addresses.
Solution (Continued)

Let us first find the subnet prefix (subnet mask). We need four
subnets, which means we need to add two more 1s to the site
prefix. The subnet prefix is then /28.
Subnet 1: 130.34.12.64/28 to 130.34.12.79/28.
Subnet 2 : 130.34.12.80/28 to 130.34.12.95/28.
Subnet 3: 130.34.12.96/28 to 130.34.12.111/28.
Subnet 4: 130.34.12.112/28 to 130.34.12.127/28.

See Figure 5.15

Example 19 cont’d
 Example 20

An ISP is granted a block of addresses starting with

190.100.0.0/16. The ISP needs to distribute these addresses to
three groups of customers as follows:
1. The first group has 64 customers; each needs 256 addresses.
2. The second group has 128 customers; each needs 128
addresses.
3. The third group has 128 customers; each needs 64 addresses.

Design the subblocks and give the slash notation for each
subblock. Find out how many addresses are still available after
these allocations.
 Solution
Group 1
For this group, each customer needs 256 addresses. This means
the suffix length is 8 (28 = 256). The prefix length is then 32 - 8 =
24.
01: 190.100.0.0/24 190.100.0.255/24
02: 190.100.1.0/24 190.100.1.255/24
…………………………………..
64: 190.100.63.0/24190.100.63.255/24
Total = 64  256 = 16,384
 Solution (Continued)
Group 2
For this group, each customer needs 128 addresses. This means
the suffix length is 7 (27 = 128). The prefix length is then 32 - 7 =
25. The addresses are:
001: 190.100.64.0/25 190.100.64.127/25
002: 190.100.64.128/25 190.100.64.255/25
………………..
128: 190.100.127.128/25 190.100.127.255/25
Total = 128  128 = 16,384
 Solution (Continued)

Group 3
For this group, each customer needs 64 addresses. This means
the suffix length is 6 (26 = 64). The prefix length is then 32 - 6 =
26.
001:190.100.128.0/26 190.100.128.63/26
002:190.100.128.64/26 190.100.128.127/26
…………………………
128:190.100.159.192/26 190.100.159.255/26
Total = 128  64 = 8,192
 Solution (Continued)

Number of granted addresses: 65,536

Number of allocated addresses: 40,960
Number of available addresses: 24,576
 Reading
1 http://www.howtheosimodelworks.com , Charles C. Botsford, 2001.

2 https://cisconetacad.net, Cisco Academy Connection Editors, 2002.

3 http://www.hawkclan.com/zxonly/iso/slide2.html

4 http://www.pku.edu.cn/academic/research/computer-center/tc/html/TC010
2.html
, William L. Whipple &
Sharla Riead, 1997.

5 http://www.lex-con.com/protocols/ip.htm, Lexicon Computing, Dallas TX,

2002
Sources of Statistical Information
URLs are underneath!
• Netsizer.com – from Telcordia
• CAIDA - Cooperative Association for Internet Data
Analysis
• Network Wizards Internet Domain Survey
• RIPE Internet Statistics
• Matrix Information and Directory Services
• Growth of the World Wide Web
• The Netcraft Web Server Survey
• Internet Surveys
• The Internet Society
Comments & Questions

Thank you!