Closed Conduit Hydraulics

CE154 - Hydraulic Design

Lecture 6

Fall 2009 CE154 1

Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Flow
• Synonyms
- closed conduit flow
- pipe flow
- pressurized flow
• Objectives – to introduce
- basic concepts of closed conduit flow,
- its hydraulics, and
- design method

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 Concepts
• Closed Conduit vs. Open Channel
Closed Conduit Open Channel
No free surface Free water surface
Gravity or pump driven Gravity driven
Cavitation & other Waves & other
sub-atmospheric- surface disturbances
pressure problems
Reynolds Number Re Froude Number Fr

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 Concepts – Reynolds Number
• Reynolds Number (ratio of inertia force
to viscous force) VD VD
V = velocity (ft/sec) Re  
D = pipe diameter (ft)
 
 = density of fluid (lbm/ft3)
 = dynamic viscosity of fluid
(lbm/ftsec or lbfsec/ft2)
 = kinematic viscosity (ft2/sec)

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 Concepts – Froude Number
• Froud Number (ratio of inertia force to gravitational force)

• V = velocity V
g = gravitational acceleration
h = depth of water
Fr 
gh

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 Concepts - Turbulence
• Turbulent vs. laminar flow

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 Concepts – turbulent flow
• Turbulent flow
- Critical Re (laminar to turbulent) in the
order of 1000

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 Concepts – laminar flow
• Turbulent and Laminar flows

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Concepts – uniform & steady flow
• Uniform flow – constant characteristics
with respect to space
• Steady flow – constant characteristics
with respect to time. Often adopted
when establishing pipe system design
parameters (pressure & flow at certain
locations). Consider unsteady (transient)
phenomena to refine design (pipe
pressure class and thickness)

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 Conservation of Mass

1
Control Volume

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 Conservation of Mass
• Consider the control volume

dS
 I O
dt

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 Conservation of Mass
• For steady & incompressible flow,

dS/dt = 0

I=O

V1A1 = V2A2

 ViAi =  VoAo
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 Conservation of Mass
• Apply to a pipe junction, Q1+Q2 = Q3+Q4

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 Conservation of Momentum
• Newton’s 2nd law – the resultant of all external
forces on a system is equal to the time rate of
change of momentum of this system

d  mV 
 F ext  dt

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 Conservation of Momentum
• Consider this control volume (CV) of fluid in
a pipe elbow
x1=v1t

1 1’

2
2’ x2=v2t

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 Conservation of Momentum
• In a time t the fluid originally at
Section 1 moves to 1’, and that at
Section 2 moves to 2’
• The control volume lost momentum equal
to that of the fluid contained between 1
and 1’
(A1x1)V1 = A1V12t = (QV1)t
At the same time it gained momentum
(QV2)t
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 Conservation of Momentum
• The time rate of change of momentum is (QV2)- (QV1)
• Hence, the 2nd Law becomes

F ext
 Q V out V in 
• This is the momentum equation for steady flow. Use
this convention:
 QVx1  Fx = QVx2
 QVy1  Fy = QVy2
• Where  depends on the direction of the force w.r.t.
the coordinate system

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 Application of Momentum Eq.
• Forces on a pipe elbow:
Taking momentum balance in the x
direction,
QV1 + (PA)1 – Fx = Q(0)
Fx = (PA)1 + QV1

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 Application of Momentum Eq.
• Taking momentum balance in the y
direction,
External y force = (PA)2 - Fy
Rate of change of momentum = QV2
(where V2 is in the negative direction)
(PA)2 - Fy = QV2
Fy = (PA)2 - QV2
= (PA)2 + QV2

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 Conservation of Energy
• In pipeline design, most often
consider steady state – flow not
varying with time - first
• Steady state (SS) Bernoulli Equation
along a streamline:

p V1
2
1
 z1 
p V 2
2
2
 z 2  h
 2g  2g
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 Conservation of Energy
• Pressure head p/
• Elevation head z
• Velocity head V2/2g
• Piezometric head p/ + z
(hydraulic grade line)
• Total head p/ + z + V2/2g
(energy grade line)
• Head Loss h

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 Uniform Flow:

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Fall 2009 CE154 23
 Example 3-1
• A plane jet of unit discharge q0 strikes
a boundary at an angle of 45, what will
be the ratio of q1/q2 for the divided
flow?

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 Head Losses
• Include mostly 2 types of losses:
1. Friction Loss
- resulting from friction between the
fluid and pipe wall
2. Minor Loss
- resulting from pipe entrance,
transition, exit, valve and other in-line
structures
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 Friction Loss
• Most useful head loss equation for
closed-conduit flow – Darcy-Weisbach
equation Pipe
Friction head length
2 Pipe

LV
loss
velocity

h f
 f
D 2g
Dimensionless Gravitational
Friction Pipe acceleration
coefficient diameter

Fall 2009 CE154 26

 Friction Loss
• Darcy-Weisbach equation
- derived from basic relationships of
physics
-  dimensionless, app. to all unit systems
-  determined from experimental data
• Other friction loss relationships – Hazen-
Wiliams, Manning, Chezy, etc. – are also
used in the industry, but are less accurate
and will not be discussed here

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 Darcy-Weisbach 
• Laminar flow (Re<2000)
64
f 
Re
Turbulent flow in smooth pipes
(Re>4000)
1
f

 2 log Re f  0.8 
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 Darcy-Weisbach  (cont’d)
• Turbulent flow in rough pipes
1 e
 1.14  2 log 
f  D
Transition between turbulent smooth
and rough pipes
1 e 2.51 
 2 log  D  
f  3.7 Re f 
 
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 Friction Loss

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Fall 2009 CE154 31
 Darcy-Weisbach 
• Most recent development of Darcy Weisbach coefficient - Explicit
equation [Swamee and Jain, 1976] applicable to entire turbulent flow
regime (smooth, transition and rough pipes):

0.25
f  2
  e 5 .74 
log  
  3.7 D Re 
0 .9

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 Minor Loss
• Use minor loss coefficient (k) in this
form
2
V
h  k 2g
l

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 Minor Loss

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 Minor Loss
• For abrupt expansion, from D1 to D2, the
loss coefficient may be estimated by

2
2   
2

V1 k  1   D  
hl 2 g
 k 1

  D2  
 

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 Minor Loss
• American Water Works Association –
Steel Pipe, A guide for design and
installation, Manual of Water Supply
Practices, M11, 4th Edition, 2004

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 Minor Loss

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 Minor Loss
• Valve manufacturer has loss curves
typically presented in terms of Cv vs.
valve opening degrees.
Cv is defined as the flow rate in gallons
per minute of 60 water that flows
through the valve under 1 psi of head
loss.

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Fall 2009 CE154 39
 Globe Valve

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 Angle Valve

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 Example – using HGL & EGL

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 Example 3-2
• p. 2.24 of Mays’ Hydraulic Design
Handbook – Calculate f and e/D from
given discharge
V2/2g=
1.21 m
Atmospheric
P=3MPa Pressure
L=2500 m El. 200 m
D=27 in

El. 100 m
Q=1.8 cms

Fall 2009 CE154 43

 Example 3-3
• Same problem but now we have an 20”
in-line ball valve with a 20” bore opened
at 70 from closed position, a
contraction and expansion section each
connected to the valve, and 2 90
elbows with r/D=2. What is the f now?

Fall 2009 CE154 44