Host-to-Host
Delivery:
Internetwork,
Packet Switching and Datagram
Approach
Prepared By
D.Vijayakumar
Lecturer / CSE
AKCE
Network Layer
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Position of network layer
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Network layer duties
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Internetworks
Need For Network Layer
Internet As A Packet-Switched Network
Internet As A Connectionless Network
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Figure 1 Internetwork
• Physical and Data link layers are jointly responsible for data delivery
on the network from node to node
How can data to be exchanged between Networks?
- Internetwork
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Figure 2 Links in an internetwork
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Difficulties ?
Data arrive at interface f1 of s1
How does s1 know that they should be sent out
from interface f3?
There is no provision in the data link(or Physical)
layer to help s1 to select correct decision.
Because the frame contains the MAC Address of
A (Source) and
The MAC Address of S1(destination)
For LAN (or) WAN
- Delivery means carrying the frame through one link, not beyond
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Need for Network Layer
To solve the problem of delivery of data
through several links.
Responsible for Host to Host delivery and
Routing the packets through Router /
Switch
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Figure 3 Network layer in an internetwork
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Figure 4 Network layer at the source
Receives data from Transport
layer
Responsible for creating Packet
Each packet contains
Universal Address of Source
Universal Address of Destination
Makes sure the pkt is correct
size.
If the packet is too large,
Then it will be fragmented
Also add fields for error control
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Figure 5 Network layer at a Router
Responsible for routing the packet
When packet arrives, router finds the
interface from which the pkt must be
sent.
This is done by using routing Table.
If necessary, perform fragmentation.
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Figure 6 Network layer at the destination
Responsible for Address Verification.
Make sure the destination is correct.
Also checks to see the packet has been
corrupted during transmission.
If corrupted, discards the packet.
If the packet is fragment, it waits all
fragments have arrived.
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Figure 7 Switching
Describe how data
is processed and
A physical link is
routed in the N/W
dedicated between
source &
Destination
Data can be sent as
a stream of bits
without the need
for packetizing
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Circuit Switching
Circuit Switch
Internet
Circuit Switch
Circuit Switch
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Packet Switching
Data are transmitted in discrete units
Called Packet
Packets are variable length blocks
The max length of packet is established by
network layer.
Packet contains
Data and
Header with control info.
According to the header info, packets are routed
between nodes.
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Virtual Circuit Switching
All packets belong to a message (or) session
is preserved.
Single route is chosen between
source/destination.
All packets take that route to reach
destination.
It needs a call setup to establish a virtual
circuit. (either permanent or switched type)
Uses virtual circuit identifier for routing.
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Source-to-Destination Data Transfer
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Figure 8 Datagram approach
Each packet is treated independently.
Each pkt will take its own path to reach
the destination.
There is no sequence orders are
followed.
The Arrangement of packets will be done
by the Transport layer at destination.
No need for call setup.
The packets have source and destination
address, so it will reach the destination.
But there is a possibility, the data may
lost.
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Comparison of Switching Techniques
Datagram Packet
Circuit switching VC Packet Switching
switching
Dedicated transmission No dedicated No dedicated
path transmission path transmission path
Continuous Transmission of Transmission of
transmission packets. packets
Path stays fixed for Route of each packet is Path stays fixed for
entire transmission independent entire transmission
Call setup delay No setup delay Call setup delay
No queueing delay Queueing delays at Queueing delays at
Busy signal overloaded switches switches
network Delays increase in Delays increase in
Fixed bandwidth for overloaded networks overloaded networks
each circuit Bandwidth is shared by Bandwidth is shared by
No overhead after call all packets all packets
setup (connection Overhead in each Overhead in each
overhead setup) packet packet
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Note:
Switching at the network layer in the
Internet is done using the datagram
approach to packet switching.
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Note:
Communication at the network layer
in the Internet is connectionless.
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