Lecture Week 6

VLSM and CIDR

Routing Protocols and Concepts
Objectives
• Compare and contrast classful and classless IP
addressing.
• Review VLSM and explain the benefits of classless
IP addressing.
• Describe the role of the Classless Inter-Domain
Routing (CIDR) standard in making efficient use of
scarce IPv4 addresses .
Introduction
• Prior to 1981, IP addresses used only the first 8 bits to specify the network
portion of the address
• In 1981, RFC 791 modified the IPv4 32-bit address to allow for three
different classes
• Class A addresses used 8 bits for the network portion of the address,
• Class B used 16 bits,
• Class C used 24 bits.
–This format became known as classful IP addressing.
• IP address space was depleting rapidly
–the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
introduced Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
–CIDR uses Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) to help
conserve address space.
»-VLSM is simply subnetting a subnet
Introduction
• With the introduction of CIDR and VLSM, ISPs could
now assign one part of a classful network to one
customer and different part to another customer.
• This discontiguous address assignment by ISPs was
paralleled by the development of classless routing
protocols.
–Classless routing protocols do include the subnet mask in
routing updates and are not required to perform
summarization.
–The classless routing protocols discussed in this course are
RIPv2, EIGRP and OSPF.
 Classful and Classless IP Addressing
• Classful IP addressing
–When the ARPANET was commissioned in 1969, no
one anticipated that the Internet would explode.
–1989, ARPANET transformed into what we now call
the Internet.
–As of January 2007, there are over 433 million
hosts on internet
• Initiatives to conserve IPv4 address space
include:
-VLSM & CIDR notation (1993, RFC 1519)
-Network Address Translation (1994, RFC
1631)
-Private Addressing (1996, RFC 1918)
 Classful and Classless IP Addressing
• Classes of IP addresses are identified by the
decimal number of the 1st octet
Class A address begin with a 0 bit
Range of class A addresses = 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255
Class B address begin with a 1 bit and a 0 bit
Range of class B addresses = 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
Class C addresses begin with two 1 bits & a 0 bit
Range of class C addresses = 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255.
 Classful and Classless IP Addressing
• Multicast addresses begin with three 1s and a 0 bit.
Multicast addresses are used to identify a group of
hosts that are part of a multicast group.
• IP addresses that begin with four 1 bits were
reserved for future use.
 Classful and Classless IP Addressing
• The IPv4 Classful Addressing Structure (RFC 790)
An IP address has 2 parts:
-The network portion
Found on the left side of an IP address
-The host portion
Found on the right side of an IP address
 Classful and Classless IP Addressing
• As shown in the figure, class A networks used
the first octet for network assignment, which
translated to a 255.0.0.0 classful subnet mask.
 Classful and Classless IP Addressing
• With 24 bits in the host portion, each class A address
had the potential for over 16 million individual host
addresses.
• What was one organization going to do with 16 million
addresses?
• Now you can understand the tremendous waste of
address space that occurred in the beginning days of
the Internet, when companies received class A
addresses.
• Some companies and governmental organizations still
have class A addresses.
–General Electric owns 3.0.0.0/8,
–Apple Computer owns 17.0.0.0/8,
–U.S. Postal Service owns 56.0.0.0/8.
 Classful and Classless IP Addressing
• Class B: RFC 790 specified the first two octets
as network.
 Classful and Classless IP Addressing
• class C: RFC 790 specified the first three octets as
network.
–With the first three bits established as 1 and 1 and 0, 21
bits remained for assigning networks for over 2 million
class C networks.
–But, each class C network only had 8 bits in the host
portion, or 254 possible host addresses.
Classful and Classless IP
Addressing
• Classful Routing Updates
–Recall that classful routing protocols (i.e. RIPv1)
do not send subnet masks in their routing
updates
–This is because the router receiving the routing
update could determine the subnet mask simply
by examining the value of the first octet in the
network address, or by applying its ingress
interface mask for subnetted routes. The subnet
mask was directly related to the network
address.
 Classful and Classless IP Addressing
• In the example,
–R1 knows that subnet 172.16.1.0 belongs to the same major classful network as
the outgoing interface. Therefore, it sends a RIP update to R2 containing subnet
172.16.1.0.
• When R2 receives the update, it applies the receiving interface subnet mask
(/24) to the update and adds 172.16.1.0 to the routing table
–When sending updates to R3, R2 summarizes subnets 172.16.1.0/24,
172.16.2.0/24, and 172.16.3.0/24 into the major classful network 172.16.0.0.
• Because R3 does not have any subnets that belong to 172.16.0.0, it will apply
the classful mask for a class B network, /16

/24 /16
 Classful and Classless IP Addressing
• Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR – RFC 1517)
 Advantage of CIDR :
More efficient use of IPv4 address space
Route summarization
( reduce routing table size)
( reduce routing update traffic)
 Requires subnet mask to be included in routing update
because address class is meaningless
 The network portion of the address is determined by the network
subnet mask, also known as the network prefix, or prefix length (/8, /19,
etc.).
The network address is no longer determined by the class of the
address
Blocks of IP addresses could be assigned to a network based on the
requirements of the customer, ranging from a few hosts to hundreds or
thousands of hosts.
 Classful and Classless IP Addressing
• Classless IP Addressing
• CIDR & Route Summarization
–Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM)
–Allows a subnet to be further sub-netted
• according to individual needs
–Prefix Aggregation Route Summarization
–CIDR allows for routes to be summarized as
a single route
 Classful and Classless IP Addressing
• Route Summarization
– In the figure, notice that ISP1 has four customers,
each with a variable amount of IP address space.
–However, all of the customer address space can be
summarized into one advertisement to ISP2.
–The 192.168.0.0/20 summarized or aggregated
route includes all the networks belonging to
Customers A, B, C, and D.
• This type of route is known as a supernet route.
• A supernet summarizes multiple network addresses with a
mask less than the classful mask.
 Classful and Classless IP Addressing
• Route Summarization
– Propagating VLSM and supernet routes requires a classless
routing protocol, because the subnet mask can no longer be
determined by the value of the first octet.
• Classless routing protocols include the subnet mask with
the network address in the routing update.
• RIPv2, EIGRP, IS-IS, OSPF and BGP.
• Interior:
• RIPv2
• EIGRP
• IS-IS
• OSPF
• Exterior:
• BGP
 Classful and Classless IP Addressing

• Is there any difference between

the terms CIDR and VLSM??
Classful and Classless IP Addressing
• For example, the networks 172.16.0.0/16, 172.17.0.0/16, 172.18.0.0/16 and
172.19.0.0/16 can be summarized as 172.16.0.0/14.
–If R2 sends the 172.16.0.0 summary route without the /14 mask, R3 only
knows to apply the default classful mask of /16.
–In a classful routing protocol scenario, R3 is unaware of the
172.17.0.0/16, 172.18.0.0/16 and 172.19.0.0/16 networks
–With a classless routing protocol, R2 will advertise the 172.16.0.0
network along with the /14 mask to R3. R3 will then be able to install the
supernet route 172.16.0.0/14 in its routing table giving it reachability to
the 172.16.0.0/16, 172.17.0.0/16, 172.18.0.0/16 and 172.19.0.0/16
networks.

172.16.0.0 /14
Classful and Classless IP Addressing
 Classless Routing Protocol

Routing Routing Supports Ability to

Protocol updates VLSM send
Include Supernet
subnet routes
Mask
Classful No No No
(RIPv1)
Classless Yes Yes Yes
 VLSM
• Classful routing
– -only allows for one
subnet mask for all
networks
• VLSM & classless routing
-This is the process
of subnetting a subnet
-More than one
subnet mask can be
used
-More efficient use of
IP addresses as
compared to classful IP
addressing
 VLSM
• VLSM – the process of sub-
netting a subnet to fit your
needs
-Example:
Subnet 10.1.0.0/16, 8
more bits are borrowed
again, to create 256
subnets with a /24 mask.
– -Mask allows for 254
host addresses per
subnet
– -Subnets range from:
10.1.0.0 / 24 to
10.1.255.0 / 24
* Same process for Subnet
10.2.0.0/16
 VLSM
• Subnet 10.3.0.0/16, 12 more
bits are borrowed again, to
create 4,096 subnets with a /
28 mask.
–Mask allows for 14 host
addresses per subnet
–Subnets range from:
10.3.0.0 / 28 to
10.3.255.240 / 28
• Subnet 10.4.0.0/16, 4 more
bits are borrowed again, to
create 16 subnets with a /20
mask.
–Mask allows for 2,046
host addresses per subnet
–Subnets range from:
10.4.0.0 / 20 to 10.4.240.0 /
20
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
• Route summarization done by CIDR
-Routes are summarized with masks that are less than
that of the default classful mask (supernetting)
-Example:
172.16.0.0 / 13 is the summarized route
for the 172.16.0.0 / 16 to 172.23.0.0 / 16
classful networks
Although 172.22.0.0/16 and
172.23.0.0/16 are not shown in
the graphic, these are also
included in the summary route.
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
• Note: You may recall that a supernet is always a route summary, but a
route summary is not always a supernet.
–It is possible that a router could have both a specific route entry and
a summary route entry covering the same network.
–Let us assume that router X has a specific route for 172.22.0.0/16
using Serial 0/0/1 and a summary route of 172.16.0.0/13 using
Serial0/0/0.
–Packets with the IP address of 172.22.n.n match both route entries.
–These packets destined for 172.22.0.0 would be sent out the
Serial0/0/1 interface because there is a more specific match of 16
bits, than with the 13 bits of the 172.16.0.0/13 summary route.
ip route 172.22.0.0
255.255.0.0 s 0/0/1
Router X

s 0/0/1
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
• Steps to calculate a route
summary
1. List networks in
binary format
2. Count number of left
most matching bits to
determine summary
route’s mask
3. Copy the matching
bits and add zero bits to
determine the
summarized network
address
Example: Calculating a summary route

 Which address can be used to

summarize networks
 A:
• 192.168.0.0/30  11000000 10101000 00000000 00000000
• 192.168.0.4/30  11000000 10101000 00000000 00000100
• 192.168.0.8/30  11000000 10101000 00000000 00001000
• 192.168.0.16/29  11000000 10101000 00000000 00010000
•B
• 192.168.4.0/30  11000000 10101000 00000100 00000000
• 192.168.5.0/30  11000000 10101000 00000101 00000000
• 192.168.6.0/30  11000000 10101000 00000110 00000000
• 192.168.7.0/29  11000000 10101000 00000111 00000000

 Answer:
Example: Calculating a summary route

 Reverse process of summary route:

 Can you figure what networks are included
in 192.168.32.0 /20
 11000000 10101000 00100000 00000000

 11000000 10101000 00100000 00000000

 11000000 10101000 00100001 00000000
 11000000 10101000 00100010 00000000
 …..
 …..
 11000000 10101000 00101101 00000000
 11000000 10101000 00101110 00000000
 11000000 10101000 00101111 00000000

 Answer:
Designing VLSM Addressing 6.4.1

• In this activity, you

will use the
network address
192.168.1.0/24 to
subnet and provide
the IP addressing
for a given
topology.
Designing VLSM Addressing 6.4.2

• In this activity, you

will use the
network address
172.16.0.0/16 to
subnet and provide
the IP addressing
for a given
topology.
 Designing VLSM Addressing 6.4.2
• The network has the following addressing requirements:
• East Network Section
–The N-EAST (Northeast) LAN1 will require 4000 host IP addresses.
–The N-EAST (Northeast) LAN2 will require 4000 host IP addresses.
–The SE-BR1 (Southeast Branch1) LAN1 will require 1000 host IP addresses.
–The SE-BR1 (Southeast Branch1) LAN2 will require 1000 host IP addresses.
–The SE-BR2 (Southeast Branch2) LAN1 will require 500 host IP addresses.
–The SE-BR2 (Southeast Branch2) LAN2 will require 500 host IP addresses.
–The SE-ST1 (Southeast Satellite1) LAN1 will require 250 host IP addresses.
–The SE-ST1 (Southeast Satellite1) LAN2 will require 250 host IP addresses.
–The SE-ST2 (Southeast Satellite2) LAN1 will require 125 host IP addresses.
–The SE-ST2 (Southeast Satellite2) LAN2 will require 125 host IP addresses.
• West Network Section
–The S-WEST (Southwest) LAN1 will require 4000 host IP addresses.
–The S-WEST (Southwest) LAN2 will require 4000 host IP addresses.
–The NW-BR1 (Northwest Branch1) LAN1 will require 2000 host IP addresses.
–The NW-BR1 (Northwest Branch1) LAN2 will require 2000 host IP addresses.
–The NW-BR2 (Northwest Branch2) LAN1 will require 1000 host IP addresses.
–The NW-BR2 (Northwest Branch2) LAN2 will require 1000 host IP addresses.
• Central Network Section
–The Central LAN1 will require 8000 host IP addresses.
–The Central LAN2 will require 4000 host IP addresses.
• The WAN links between each of the routers will require an IP address for each end of the link.
Troubleshooting VLSM Addressing 6.4.3
• In this activity, the network
address 172.16.128.0/17 was
used to provide the IP
addressing for a network.
VLSM has been used to subnet
the address space incorrectly.
• You will need to troubleshoot
the addressing that was
assigned to each subnet to
determine where errors are
present and determine the
correct addressing
assignments where needed.
Basic Route Summarization 6.4.4
• In this activity, you
are given a network
with subnetting and
address assignments
already completed.
• Your task is to
determine
summarized routes
that can be used to
reduce the number of
entries in routing
tables
Challenge Route Summarization 6.4.5
• In this activity, you
are given a network
with subnetting and
address assignments
already completed.
• Your task is to
determine
summarized routes
that can be used to
reduce the number of
entries in routing
tables
 Challenge Route Summarization 6.4.5

–Addressing Table
Addressing Table
• Subnet Network Address
 Subnet Network Address
• S-WEST LAN1 192.168.7.0/27
 N-EAST LAN1 192.168.5.0/27
• S-WEST LAN2 192.168.7.32/27  N-EAST LAN2 192.168.5.32/27
• Link from WEST to N-WEST 192.168.7.64/30  Link from EAST to N-EAST 192.168.5.192/30
• Link from WEST to S-WEST 192.168.7.68/30  Link from EAST to S-EAST 192.168.5.196/30
• Link from HQ to WEST 192.168.7.72/30  Link from HQ to EAST 192.168.5.200/30
• NW-BR1 LAN1 192.168.7.128/27  SE-BR1 LAN1 192.168.4.0/26
• NW-BR1 LAN2 192.168.7.160/27  SE-BR1 LAN2 192.168.4.64/26
• NW-BR2 LAN1 192.168.7.192/28  SE-BR2 LAN1 192.168.4.128/27
• NW-BR2 LAN2 192.168.7.208/28  SE-BR2 LAN2 192.168.4.160/27
• Link from N-WEST to NW-BR1 192.168.7.224/30  SE-ST1 LAN1 192.168.4.192/29
• Link from N-WEST to NW-BR2 192.168.7.228/30  SE-ST1 LAN2 192.168.4.200/29
• CENTRAL LAN1 192.168.6.0/25  SE-ST2 LAN1 192.168.4.208/29
• CENTRAL LAN2 192.168.6.128/26  SE-ST2 LAN2 192.168.4.216/29
•  Link from SE-BR2 to SE-ST1 192.168.4.224/30
Link from HQ to CENTRAL 192.168.6.192/30
 Link from SE-BR2 to SE-ST2 192.168.4.228/30
 Link from S-EAST to SE-BR2 192.168.4.232/30
 Link from S-EAST to SE-BR1 192.168.4.236/30
Troubleshooting Route Summarization 6.4.6

• In this activity, the LAN IP

addressing is already
completed for the network.
VLSM was used to subnet the
address space. The summary
routes are incorrect.
• You will need to troubleshoot
the summary routes that have Addressing Table

been assigned to determine Router Summary Route Network Address

HQ WEST LANs 172.16.52.0/21
where errors are present and HQ EAST LANs 172.16.56.0/23
determine the correct WEST HQ LANs 172.16.32.0/19
summary routes. WEST EAST LANs 172.16.58.0/23
EAST HQ LANs 172.16.30.0/20
EAST WEST LANs 172.16.48.0/21
ISP HQ, WEST, and EAST LANs 172.16.32.0/18
Summary
• Classful IP addressing
IPv4 addresses have 2 parts:
-Network portion found on left side of an IP
address
-Host portion found on right side of an IP
address
Class A, B, & C addresses were designed to provide IP
addresses for different sized organizations
The class of an IP address is determined by the decimal value
found in the 1st octet
IP addresses are running out so the use of Classless Inter
Domain Routing (CIDR) and Variable Length Subnet Mask
(VLSM) are used to try and conserve address space
–
Summary
• Classful Routing Updates
–Subnet masks are not sent in routing updates
• Classless IP addressing
–Benefit of classless IP addressing
Can create additional network
addresses using a subnet mask that fits your
needs
–Uses Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
Summary
• CIDR
 Uses IP addresses more efficiently through use
of VLSM
»-VLSM is the process of
subnetting a subnet
 Allows for route summarization
»-Route summarization is
representing multiple contiguous
routes with a single route
Summary
• Classless Routing Updates
–Subnet masks are included in updates
Thank You