ERECTION,OPERATION

AND MAINTENANCE OF
DISTRIBUTION AND
POWER TRANSFORMERS
RECEIPT OF TRANSFORMER AT SITE
(1) Dispatched with Core & Windings fitted in the Tank
and filled with Nitrogen upto 0.15kg/cm.sq or filled
with Insulating Oil above Windings.
(2) If filled with Nitrogen check Nitrogen Pressure and if
less than 0.2 kg/cm.sq, replenish it upto 0.15kg/cm.sq.
(3) All other parts such as Conservator Tank, Bushings
(HV&LV),Radiators,Accessories,Protective devises are
dispatched in separate packages.
(4) Keep the following Tools & Materials ready:

Steel Slings of various capacities,Hydraulic

Lifting Jacks, Wooden Sleepers, Wooden
Packing Pieces, A Mobile Crane etc.

(5) Before Commencing Erection, Nitrogen must be

slowly released and the tank flushed with Dry
Oxygen or filled with Insulating Oil slowly to
avoid contact of winding with Atmospheric Air.
Precautions to be taken
 Long Storage of the Transformer is not
recommended.
 Store Oil Drums properly
 Assembly should commence from Bottom
 Core & Windings should be filled with Oil as soon
as Nitrogen is expelled.
 Choose a Dry Day when weather is clear
 Care to be taken so as to not to allow any foreign
object falling into the Transformer
 Blanking Plates should be removed when we are
ready for assembly.
 Blanking Plates should also be stored safely after
work is completed.
 The Person working with Tools used inside
Transformer must tie it by cotton tape
 No coins,pens,watches etc should be used by the
persons working on the Transformer
 Gaskets must be tightened properly ie Not too much
or too less
 New Gaskets must be used for Bushings Radiators,etc
 Ensure tightness of all the connections inside and
proper Locking
 Transformer Oil must be pumped from the Drums to
the Storage Tank through Purifier
 Leave about 20mm oil at the bottom of each drum.It
may be impure.
 Pumping in Oil must be through the Drain valve. Also
Draining. Leave one Opening at the Top Open to
release Entry Air.
 Before Commencing Oil filling and purification,Clean
the top of oil drums,flush hoses,Oil Tank,and the
Filter also.
 Use Gasket Paste when fixing them
 Once the Joint is detached, use fresh Gaskets
 Gasket Paste shall be applied uniformly before
pressing onto a metal surface.
 All the Bushings must be thoroughly cleaned
especially the Bottom Portion before assembly.
 Bushing Shields must be fitted to the Bushing before
assembly.
 Storage of Gasket is very important.No rolling,folding
 Oil Pockets for OTI & WTI must be filled with Oil
before fitting the Sensing Bulbs
 For Transformers rated below 66kv Vacuuming to be
done at below 380mmHg
 For Transformers above 66kv Vacuuming to be done
at 759mm of Hg
 Equalizer pipe connections must be connected
between the Main Tank and OLTC to avoid
Buckling of OLTC
 The Bursting Head of Explosion Vent to be
removed and a Blanking Plate fixed before
vacuuming the Transformer.
 The Required vacuuming shall be for two
hours. Replace Vent Explosion Head
 Oil may be injected through the Bottom Drain Valve
into the Transformer.No Rubber Hoses should be used
for filling
 Hot Oil Circulation to be done to expel moisture
from the insulation at 60-70deg
 Cooler Connections must be open for Hot Oil
Circulation.
 Circulation must be continued for about a week until
No Moisture drops are seen from the Filter
Vacuum exhaust and IR Values improve.
 The Status of Drying should also confirm the BDV of
Oil at 60kv/mt and moisture content at 15ppm.
 Fix the Arcing Horns for the Bushings (for 66kv and
above)and adjust
 Connect the Transformer Body earth
 Release any Trapped Air from the Bushings, Top
Cover etc
 Connect the Heating Coils of the WTI to BCT
Terminals.
Precautions to be taken when working
in a Live Substation …
 Do not work too close to another Live equipment
 Before working Take a Permit. All sources of power
must be disconnected
 A safety earth to be provided wherever necessary
 The Area of work should be surrounded with a
Safety Ribbon and all the staff clearly educated
 Trained and qualified persons must carry out
inspection and enforce safety
 All the Testing devices must be handled by Qualified
persons
 A Safety Sargent should be posted at the work site
who should deenergize if needed
 If it is necessary to work inside the Tank, Dry Air
must be allowed as the Oil is pumped out .
 Dry Air supply must be slowly allowed inside from
the Bottom and allowed to go out from the top by
keeping one Blanking Plate Open should a person
work inside
 Another Person should always stay outside
watching the person inside
 Electrical Tools should be used with plug pins only
 Warning Boards should be Exhibited
 Before energizing the Equipment ensure that all the
working personnel have come out and all the Earths
provided for safe working are removed.
 ERECTION,O&M OF 3 Phase 11KV/433V
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
 Read the Manufacturers Instructions carefully.

 The Transformer should be commissioned only after

completing all the assembly and Pre-commissioning
Tests.
 You can refer to the following ISS as necessary:
 IS1180 (Out door Dist Tr), IS 2026 (Power Tr), IS
2099 (HV Porcelain Bushing), IS 3347 (Out Door
Bushings),IS 7421(LV Bushings), IS 335 (New Ins
Oil), IS 6600 (Loading Guide for Tr), IS12444 (Cu
Wire Rods), IS 5 (Color for Ready Mix Paints)
 Mobile Crane or other approved devices should be
used.
 For Loading and Unloading the Transformer the Two
Lifting Lugs provided on the sides of the Transformer
should only be used.
 Adequate care must be taken when shifting the Tr
to site from Storage Yard
 The Transformer is dispatched in complete shape with
the Tank, core & Windings, Conservator, Vent, HV &
LV Bushings, assembled. Visual Inspection must be
done before erection to detect any damages, leakage
of oil,cracks.
 Pre commissioning Site Tests such as Megger
Test, Ratio Test, Excitation Current, Winding
Continuity,Oil sample Testing for Dielectric and
Acidity to be done.
 Oil is inflammable.Take care not to bring naked
flame or light such as during welding near the
Transformer
 Fibrous cleaning material should not be used.
Use cloth
Equipment for Erection, Testing and
Commissioning

 AC Voltmeters (0-600V)- 2 nos

 Ratio Test Meter
 Megger ( 500volts and 1000 volts or 2000volts)
 Electric Oil Pump / Hand Pump
 Spanners Single/Double Edged, Ring, complete Set
 Screw Drivers, assorted sizes, Tester
 Knife, Tailor’s scissors
 MS Bolts & Nuts, Washers (plain and spring)
 Cotton cloth for cleaning
 Paint Brush with Paint as required
 Oil Sampling Bottle and Testing Kit
 Transformer should be erected on a Level Foundation
 The Foundation must be properly designed.
 Sufficient clearances between phases and Ground
shooed be maintained
 For Indoor Installation, good ventilation must exist
 Examine Standard Fittings like Rating Plate, Oil
Gauge,Lifting Lugs, Conservator,Vent, etc
 Bi Metallic Connectors to be used in HV & LV
connections
 Transformer Earthing Terminals must be earthed.
(Note CRGO core is connected to clamping frame
which is connected to the Transformer Tank)
 Lifting Lugs provided on the Tank Cover is meant
for Lifting Core & Windings. Nor for Lifting Tank
 Check for Drain valve, Sampling Valve, Oil Level
Gauge, Breather, Vent, Bottom Channel (Mounting),
Corrugated Fins for Radiator.
 Pre Commissioning Tests
 Ratio Test :
 This can be done by using a Turns Ratio Tester or by
using Two Volt meters.
 Applying a 3 phase 415 volts supply on HV side,

measure the
 Voltages on the LV side between phases and also

between phase and Ground on every Tap.

 Check Continuity of winding at every tap.

 Ensure that the voltages as measured is as per the

Rating plate and within the Tolerance permitted.

 Alternatively , the Turns Ratio can be directly

checked at various Taps by Ratio Tester

 Insulation Resistance :
 The IR values should be checked with a 500
Volts megger for LV winding and a 1000/2000
volts megger for HV winding
 IR values between Phase to Ground on all HV
and Lv windings must be taken . Also between
HV & LV . The Temperature at the time of test
must be noted
 The Megger Leads must be continuous-no joints
permitted
 No external Lines,LAs must be connected to the
Transformer
 The HV & LV Bushings must be thoroughly
cleaned.
 The Safe IR Values as per CBI&P 11kv and 33kv
are :
 Voltage.. Minimum safe IR in Mega Ohms at a
Temperature of

 °C 30 40 50 60
 11kv 400 200 100 50
 33kv 500 250 125 65
 Temp 1.98 3.95 7.85 15.85
Correction
 Precautions :
Any IR Value taken must be Reduced to 20 deg C. All the
values must be taken with the same instrument,temperature
recorded with the same meter.
Note that for every 10 °C rise in Temperature the IR value gets
Halved.
 TAN DELTA (Dielectric Dissipation Factor) on the

Windings:
This Test indicates the Dielectric Loss Factor.
The Power Factor of the Insulation is directly related
to the moisture absorbed by the winding.
The higher the Power Factor,the greater is the moisture
absorption. The ideal would be 0.01* 10 to the power
of
 Magnetizing Current :
A 3 phase 415 Volts supply is applied to the
Primary and the Magnetizing current measured in
all the phases.
These values must be equal and confirm to the
Manufacturers Test Certificates.
 Oil Tests:
 The BDV of Insulating Oil must withstand 30 kv per
minute when Tested with a Kit having 12mm spheres
and a 2.5 mm Gap
 The same will hold good in respect of OLTC oil for
Power Transformers.
 Oil samples from Top and Bottom have to be collected
for this Test.
General Checks :
 Air release must be done.
 Drain /Top/ Sampling valves must be closed.Valve
if any between conservator and Tank must be open.
 Thermometer pockets must be filled with oil

 Transformer Neutral and Body Earth must be

connected to Earth.
 Oil Level is upto the mark. Breather is OK
 After all the Tests as above are satisfactory:
 Allow a settling time of Eight hours
 Release Air from all the pockets
 Energize the Transformer with LV Fuses in the
Distribution Box removed
 Observe for any abnormal Hum or Sound
 If OK, measure Voltage between phases and between
phase to Ground
 After a few hours, take out the Transformer, check and
rectify any abnormality and put it back into operation
 MAINTENANCE OF TRANSFORMERS

 Maintain a register indicating all the Precommissioning

Test Results.
 Any maintenance should be done after de-energisation
of Transformer and Earthing
 Physical inspection must be done periodically for any
Oil Leakages, Loose HV & LV & Earth Connections,
Clean the Body, Bushings etc,
 During Over hauls, the core and winding must be
lifted, windings inspected for displacement, core for
any looseness, Tie Rods, clamps, bolts and nuts for
tightness, Ducts for any blockage due to sludge and
remedy.
 Check the Load in Amperes on LV side Regularly
 Check LT Voltages in all the phases
 Check Oil level.Leakages.
 Check for tightness of HV/LVConnections once in
six months.
 Test the Oil for Dielectric Strength and Acidity once
in a year.
 Overhaul the Transformer atleast once in Five
Years.
 ERECTION,O&M OF 3PH,33/11KV
3.15mva,5.0mva TRANSFORMERs
 Read the Instruction Manual Carefully.
 Read the complete set of Drawings .
 Energize only after completing all the assembly
work,conducting all the Pre Commissioning Checks
and satisfactory pre commissioning Tests.
 The Relevant Indian standards are:
IS 2026 (P1), (P2), (P3), (P4), (P5) on
Power Transformer General,Temp Rise,Dielectric
Tests, Terminal marking & Tapings, Bushings &
Clearances
 Small capacity Transformers, after tests are
dispatched filled with Oil.Where the Conservator
and Radiators are of detachable type, Oil is filled
upto 140mm below Top Cover.
 Use Lifting Lugs provided on the Top of the
Transformer on either side. Do not use the Lugs
provided on t he Top Cover. These are meant for
Lifting Core and Windings
 Use Suitable Mobile Crane or approved Lifting
Devices for unloading/Loading
 Packages containing Bushings & Accessories
must be carefully handled
 In Lifting the Complete Transformers use such Lugs
to maintain balance and avoid Tilting
 Before Unloading the Transformers received from
the Factory, Examine the parts for any missing,
damaged items;
 Before commissioning, conduct Visual Checks,
Megger the Windings,Do the Ratio Test, Check
Winding Continuity,Excite with Low Voltage,
Conduct BDV of Oil
 Do not store for Longer periods.All Blanking plates
etc must be preserved
 A properly designed Foundation must be ready.
 Oil Soak Pits are recommended.
 Easy access around the Transformer.
 Ensure Proper Clearance to Live Parts.
 Cardon the Work place with Safety Ribbon and
Danger Boards.
 Indoor Installations must be well ventillated.
 Oil is inflammable.Take care when welding nearby.
 Avoid assembly, as far as possible on a moist day.
 Those having access to the interior of the Transformer
must empty their pockets.
 Workmen should tie the spanners they use, to their
hands, with Strings(Cotton)
 Clean every part with Oil or with Non fluffy cloth
for wiping
 The Transformer oil can be circulated to get a
Temperature above ambient before accessing
interiors.
 Transformer should be erected on a Level
Foundation
 Oil Filteration to be Stopped When BDV is
40Kv/mt, WC-25ppm, Tan Delta 0.05(33kv)
 Tools &Testing Equipment Required:
 Oil Test Kit
 Ratio Meter ( Two AC Volt Meters)
 Mobile Crane
 Vacuum Gauge
 Megger,Motor Operated,1.0kv/2.5Kv
 Hydraulic Jacks,Wooden Sleepers/ Packing wood,
spanners,tools.
 Stream Line Filter
 Slings, Shackles
 Chain Pulley Blocks/Tirfor
 Tarpaline,Ropes,Cleaning rags etc
 Pre Commissioning Tests:
 Ratio Test
 Polarity Test
 Resistance of windings with Kelwin Bridge
 Insulation Resistance
 Magnetizing Current
 Oil Tests BDV/Acidity
 Erection, assembly must bear the safety clearances
when working in Live Stations
 Settings of all Current and Voltage Operated Relays
and Testing
 Operation of Alarms & Tripping
 All Hv and LV connections must be tight
 Ensure Proper Neutral and Body Earthing
 Release Air from all Air Release Pockets
 Ensure all Radiator Valves are Open
 Ensure Drain Valves,Sample Valves,Top valves in
closed condition
 Thermometer Pockets are filled with Oil
 Oil Level is as required
 Arcing Horns and Gaps set.
 WTI CT connected to Compensating Heater.
 Allow a settling Time of 24 hours
 Release the Air from all the Pockets again
 Energize the Transformer from HV.
 Note for any abnormal Hum/ sound
 Check the LV Voltages
 Build up the Voltage in Steps and Record
 Transformer should be switched off again after 24 hrs
 Note any abnormal Temperature/vibration/ hum/
behaviour.Rectify.
 Energise and Load the Transformer.
 All the details to be recorded and informed to the
Manufacturer.
 Check points for Large Transformers
 Keep a fire fighting equipment Ready
 Welding works must bear Fire Safety
 No smoking near the Transformer/Filter
 Earth all Control Cabinets,andMBs
 Ensure that the Tank has no pressure when Blanking
Plate is being opened
 Remove all loose parts on the Top cover
 Fasten tools to wrist. Empty Pockets.
 Utmost care at work site
 All components to be well cleaned.
 Minimum Exposure of Core & Winding
 Any object dropped inside despite all precautions
must be brought out.
 Assemble Turrets in Right places
 Calibrate OTI & WTI
 Check Oil Levels in Bushings
 Settings of OTI & WTI, Alarm/Trip
 Earth Resistance of Transformer Earth
 Hand operation of OLTC in all Taps
 Limit Switches Operation of OLTC
 Step By Step Operation of OLTC
 Local/Remote Operation of OLTC
 Tap Position Indicator
 Out of Step Relay of Tap cahnger
 Off Circuit Tap Changer Inter Lock
 Analyse any Gas Collected in Buch Relay
 Check Inter Trip operation
 Trip Free Operation of HV& LV CBs.
 Check Alarms /Trips as below:
 Bucholtz, WTI ,OTI, Oil Flow,Water Flow,
Differential Pressure (Low Cooling),Fan fail,PR
Valve ,Diffl Relay,O/C Relay,E/F Relay,REF Relay.
Color of Gas Due to Decomposition of:
White Paper & Cloth
Yellow Wood
Grey Iron
Black Electric arc in Oil
Clear Air

When Gas Passed thro’ 5% Ag No3 sol:

White Precipitate turning Brown. Oil Decomposition

When Gas passed thro weak Ammonia solution, if the

curdled precipitate turns to Dark Brown, indicates
Paper,wood,cotton decomposition.
 Vacuum Filtration of Oil should be done separately
at 50-70 deg C,and shall be terminated on attaining
parameters below:
 upto 145kv 60kv/mt BDV, 20ppm WC
 upto 245kv 65kv/mt BDV, 15ppm WC
 upto 420kv 70kv/mt BDV, 15ppm WC
VACUUM TREATMENT
kv Evacuate&Hold Standing Time
< 145 12Hrs 12Hrs
upto 420 24Hrs 48Hrs
> 420 36Hrs 120Hrs
No Electrical Test Permitted in Vacuum
Don’ts for Power Transformers.
1.Don’t Energise without Investigation if it Trips
2.Don’t Re Energise without analysis of Gas if
Bucholtz Relay Acts
3.Don’t Re Energise without conducting all Pre
Commissioning Tests
4.Don’t Handle Off Ckt Tap changer when the
Transformer is in service
5.Don’t Energise the Transformer unless the Off Ckt
TC is Locked
6.Don’t Leave Tertiary Terminals un-protected.Connect
LAs
7.Don’t allow OTI/WTI to exceed 65 deg C.Filter Temp
beyond 70deg C.
8.Don’t Parallel Transformers unless conditions are
satisfied
9.Don’t Use Low Capacity Lifting Jacks
10. Don’t Move the Transformers with Bushings fitted
11.Over Load Transformer (limits as per IS 6600)
12.Change WTI/OTI settings fequently
13.Leave the Red Pointer(Max) behind the Black
Pointer(Instant)
14.Allow Loose Connections
15.Meddle with Protection Circuits
16.Allow Conservator Oil Level fall below 1/4 level
17.Allow Oil Level in Bushings fall .Top up
immediately
18. Allow shalling Box and Control Cabinets
unlocked.
19.Switch off Heater in MB off.
20.Allow Dirt Deposits on Bushings
21.Allow any Un-authorised Person near the
Transformer.
22.Leave Ladders Un-Locked when Transformer is in
service
23.Allow Water Pressure more than Oil Pressure
24.Mix Oil unless it confirms to IS :335
25.Allow inferior Oil.Process it confirm IS
1866(BDV&WC).
26.Continue with Pink silica gel.Recondition or replace
27.Leave Secondary Terminals of CT Open
28.Store for Longer Periods
DO’S FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS :
1.Check thouroughly when an Alarm /Trip occurs
2.Check Air Cell in Conservator
3.Attend Lakages of Oil in Bushings Immediately
4.Clean Petty Coats of Bushings occassionally
5.Check BDV& WC of Oil in Main tank and BDV for
OLTC
6.Check Oil Seal in Breather,top up if reqd
7.Check Oil for Acdity
8.Tighten Inspection cover Bolts & Nuts Uniformly when
reqd
9.Clean Relay Alarm Contacts,their operation,accuracy etc
10.Periodically check Protection Circuits
11.Pointers of all the gauges for free movement
12.Clean the Oil Conservator thoroughly before Erection
13.Check Bucholtz Relay Operation
14.Check Painting and touch up if necessary
15.Check WTI/OTI Oil Pockets and replenish Oil if need
be
16.Release Air through Vent of Divertor before Energising
17.Check Oil Level in Divertor
18.Check Gear Box Oil Level,Top up
19.Replace worn out OLTC contacts as required
20.Check all Bearings and Lubricate
21.Keep the Equalising Pipe Valve between the Tank &
OLTC if provided, open during Vacuuming and Oil
filling.
22.Connect a N2 Cylinder and keep the valve open,
maintain a positive pressre through the Automatic (or
Manual) regulator
23.Fill the Transformer with Oil at the Earliest.
24 .Check Door Seals of Marshalling Box and Replace
25. Check whether the Main Tank can withstand Vacuum
and if so the Safe Limit.(For EHV class 1.00 Torr)
Note:
Note Radiators and Conservator Tanks cannot
withstand Vacuum
 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULES
(For Power Transformers)
Hourly :
Winding Temperature, Oil Temperature, Ambient
Temperature
Load in Amps (Min/Max),Voltages(Min/Max)

Daily :
Oil Level in Conservator,OLTC,Bushings,Oil Leakages

Monthly :
Breather functioning,Silica gel,Oil seal,Cleanliness of
Bushings,Loose Connections(Hot Spots)
Quarterly :
 Cleanliness of Bushings,Oil Leakages,BDV and WC of Oil

 Functioning of Cooler Fans , Oil Pumps

 Check OLTC Operation-Step by Step,Limit Switch,Brakes.

 Check Breather functioning and Oil Leaks

Annual :
 Transformer Oil Tests

 Alarms and Trips

 OTI & WTI Pockets

 Earth Connection (Neutral and Body)

 Oil Leaks

 Fan Motors

 Oil Pumps

 Oil Levels Divertor servicing

 Divertor Switch Oil-Replacement
 Bushing Connectors for Tightness
 Test Bucholtz Relay by Air Injection
 Test Pressure Relief Trip
 Tan Delta for Bushings and Winding

Major Over Haul

(Once in 7 to 10 Years)

Detailed examination of the winding,Core, Oil,

Bushings,Protective Devices,Selector& Divertor
Switches etc.
Permissible BDV & WC
Below 72.5kv … 40kv/mt, 25ppm
72.5 to 145kv … 50kv/mt, 20ppm
145 & above … 60kv/mt,15ppm
(The Gap in Testing Kit to be 2,5mm)

IR values at 30deg C for Power & Distribution

Transformers:
33/11kv 11kv /440V
HV to Earth 250MΏ 200MΏ
LV to Earth 200MΏ 100MΏ
HV to LV 250MΏ 200MΏ
 Single Phase Amorphous Metal
Transformer
Suitable for : Direct Pole Mounting
Plinth Mounting
Temperature Rise (Above Ambient):
45 deg C by Winding
40 deg C by Oil
Rating :
11kv/240V,4.5% Z,75kv(Peak) BIL,copper
Core:
Shell Type, made of Amorphous Metal (Iron-
Boron-Silicon )Alloy properly annealed,after
winding the core
Windings: Core-LV-HV
Inter Layer Insulation- Epoxy resin Bonded Kraft
Paper
Transformer Oil : As per IS 335 (latest)
Tests Before Commissioning :
(1) Physical- Tank Denting
Damaged fittings
Cracked/Broken Bushings
Loose Bolts & Nuts
Loose Earthing
HV Studs Loose/Bent
(moisture may ingress)
(2)Electrical Tests:
a) IR Test (with 1000v Megger)
Meggering should be done for one minute
Minimum IR Values at 20deg C:
HV to LV Earthed…500 Mega Ohms
LV to HV Earthed…500 Mega Ohms
HV to LV………….. 500 Mega Ohms
( Temperature Corrections to be applied)

b) Ratio :
Apply 220 Volts between primary and measure the
secondary voltage. Should confirm with Rating Plate.
 Maintenance Schedule
Monthly:
(1) Visual Inspection
(2) Check Connections for Tightness
Quarterly :
(1) Visual Inspection
(2) Check Bushings for Cracks/Damages/ Dirt and
Clean.
Annual :
(1) Oil Tests for BDV, Acidity & Top Up
(2) Check Earth Resistance
(3) Visual Inspection
Once in Two Years :
(Applicable for Transformers without Conservator):

Internal Inspection,Oil Filteration, Tests as required.

Once in Five Years :

Complete Overhaul ( lifting of core & windings,
examining,tightening, replacement of Oil, Gaskets,
Tightening of connections,Checking Earth Connections,
Drying, Pre commissioning Tests,checks)
 Completely Self Protected Transformer
(CSP)
(1) It is Hermetically Sealed, Maintenance Free, High
Performance
(2) Does not allow consumer to meddle
(3) Takes care of Over Loads
(4) Allows Emergency Controls
(5) Signals Over Loads
(6) Less Failure Rate (1 to 2% as compared to 20% in
conventional)
 Has Internal Expulsion Fuse for HV side
 The above mounted inside the HV Bushing in
series with HV Winding.
 The Fuse designe do meet 12 times full load current
for 10 milli seconds
 LT circuit Breaker is Mounted inside the Tank to
protect against Over Loads
 Bimetallic strips utilised to indicate the Over Load
and trip the LT CB
 Latching can be adjusted from outside to trip the CB
for higher Loads if it is necessary to close the CB
immediately after it trips to meet over Loads
 Magnetic Trips: are provided as an additonal
feature in some CBs to provide Instantaneous
Trip.
 Coordination of HV Fuse and LV CB are designed
for Bolted Faults.
 LAs are directly mounted on the HV Bushings to
minimise lead lengths
 Transformer is completely sealed with Nitrogen
cushion (55% of the Oil volume is provided for
N2 Cushion to allow Expansion Contraction due
to loads and temperature variations)
Maintenance :
 Clean Body & Bushings
 Check Bushings for Cracks
 Check HV&LV Connections for Tightness
 Check Earth Connection
 Check Earth Resistance
 Check for Over Loads
 Check IR values
 Overhaul once in 5 years

(Precautions and Pre- Commissioning checks/Tests on

par with other Transformers except Oil tests etc. )
 Amorphous Metal Transformers

 Iron-Boron-Silicone Metal Alloy is particularly

Excellent
 It has Crystalline Structure
 When it is melted and suddenly cool ed at a faster
rate, it solidifies without Crystalisation
maintaining Amorphous state.
 Advantage: Low Core Losses
 Sub-stations
 Bus Bars : In Door….. Generally Rigid
 Out Door .. Rigid/ Strung
 Single Bus
 Double Bus
 Double Bus with Transfer Bus
 Mesh or One & Half Breaker System
 Material Could be Copper / Alluminium
 ACSR Conductor/ Al.pipe Sizes normally used:
 33kv 19/0.064 cm 40mm dia
 132kv 37/0.168 cm 80mm dia
 220kv 61/0.157 cm 80mmdia
 Circuit Breakers :
 Bulk Oil Circuit Breakers


 Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers
 Air Blast Circuit Breakers
 Vacuum Circuit Breakers
 Air Circuit Breakers
 Vacuum Contactors
 SF6 Circuit Breakers
 Disconnecting Switches:
 Horizontal Break- Centre Post Rotating
 Two Post Rotating
 Single Break / Double Break
 Vertical Break- Single Break
 Pento Graph.
 Current Transformers :
 Live Tank
 Dead Tank
 Indoor (Cast resin)
 Out Door
 Core Type (Bushing CT)
 Ratio Changing can be on the Primary or
the Secondary winding
 Number of secondary cores could be upto
Five as : (1) Metering
 (2) Protection
 (3) Differential (for Gen & Trs)
 (4) Bus Bar (Main)
 (5) Bus Bar (Check)
 Lightning Arrestors:
 Zinc Oxide
 Gap with Blow out Magnetic coil
 Potential Transformers :
 Electro Magnetic Transformers
 Capacitor Voltage Transformers
 In general there will be two Cores
 (1) 110 volts (2) 110/sq root of 3
 Structures :
 Steel
 Cement Concrete
 Tele Metering :
 Wave Trap
 CVT with LMU
 Auxiliaries :
 Earthing
 Cables : Power / LT /HT
 Control AC / DC
 PT / CT
 PVC / XLPE / Fire Resistant
 Single / Multi core
 Copper / Alluminium
 Stranded / single
 Oil handling System
 Illumination ( Normal & Emergency)
 Compressed Air system
 Over Head Crane
 Fire Protection Sand/water/CO2 / Foam/
 Mulsifier system
 DC Supply : Single / Double Battery
 AC Supply : Main / Alternate
 Emergency Diesel generator
 Double Feed
 Communication
 Safety Clearances :
 Normal Highest BIL Ph-Ph Ph- E
 KV KV cm cm
 33 36 170 32 40
 132 145 550 115 135
 650 138 160
 220 245 900 196 230
 1050 230 270
 Sectional Clearnce:
 33kv 36kv 300
 132kv 145kv 350
 220kv 245kv 430
 Lightning Arrestors :
 High Voltages are caused due to :
 (1) System Instabilty
 (2) System Fault
 (3) Switching Discharges
 (4) Lightning
 The Duration of HV could be :
 A few Micro Seconds to A Few Seconds
 The High Voltage Range could be :
 1.15 to 4 times the Normal operating
Voltage.
 ZINC OXIDE LAs:
 Comprises ZnO Poly crystalline element
 Housed in a hollow insulator
 No,size depends on syst Kv, Energy class
 Each Grain has 1 to 10 ohm cm
 Grain Boundary has 10 to the power of 10
 The Resistance of the Inter Granular Layer
decreases at a threshold value
 Discharge takes place and normalized
 The Resistance is Non-Linear.
 There are thre types of Regions/Zones:
 (1) Pre-Break down: , 1ma per Cm cube
 (2) Break Down stage
 (3) Up Return: > 1000A per Cm Cube
 Some Important Parameters:
 (1) COV : Normal Voltage/sq rt of 3
 (2)MCOV : Max sys KV/sq.rt.of 3
 Rated KV = Max sys kv * GFF
 GFF (Ground Fault Factor)=
 0.8 for Solidly earthed system
 1.0 for In effectively Earthed system
 LA Discharges: 5kA to 20kA.
 Pressure Relief Diaphragm is provided as an
Exhaust Vent to safe guard equipments
 Las designed on Pollution Levels :
 Light…………….16mm
 Medium…………20mm
 Heavy…………..25mm
 V.Heavy………..31mm
 Other Conditions:
 Ambient : +50C to -10C
 Altitude : Above 1000mts
 Location : Corrosive / Polluted /Smoke
 Chemical / Contamination

 Abnormal Frequency :
 < 48HZ or > 62HZ
 Abnormal Conditions:
 Earth Quake
 Vibrations
 High Wind
 Icing
 Health Monitoring :
 (1) Check Surge Counter Rading regularly
 (2) Check Leakage Currents
 (3) Check Exhaust Vents
 Current Transformers:
 The Primary winding is generally a Bar.
 It could consist of two or more turns to save copper of the
secondary winding
 There is no appreciable voltage drop in the Primary.
 A Heavy current could flow through the Primary at a High
Voltage.
 The current in the Primary is not dependant on the Load
on the secondary.
 A number of secondary windings (called cores,Ring
Type) are placed around the Primary.
 The Classification could be for metering,protection etc
 The Iron Core must be of Low Loss, Low Reluctance
type must have Low Flux Density (about 1000 lines /sq
cm). MUMETAL (Ni-Fe Alloy) is used as Core.
 The Ratio changing could be on Primary or Secondary.
 If you have a 300/1 CT, and if the Primary
is a single turn Bar, the secondary will
have 300 turns. If you want a 150/1 Ratio,
the secondary must have a tap at 150
turns.
 Alternately, if the primary has two turns, if
the two turns are connected in series,by
Ratio Changing Links, the rated 1 amp
current corresponding to 150 A flows in the
secondary.
 If the Primary is connected in parallel, the
secondary will still deliver 1 amp but will
correspond to 300 A primary current.
 Generally a Current Transformer in the
EHV class is hermetically sealed,and is
Maintenance Free (Internal)
 Important : The Secondary Winding should
not be left open or loose.Dangerously High
Voltages will appear.
 CLEARANCES : (mm)
 voltge For equipment ph-ph spacing in
 rating ph-ph ph-E Isol Sw (AH)
 11kv 460 310 610 920
 33kv 920 610 760 1220
 132kv 1700 1020 2140 3050
 Clearances in Strung Bus (mm)
 KV Rating Space between conductors
 220 4500
 132 3600
 33 2200
 11 1300
 Ground Clearances : (mm)
 220 kv 5500
 132kv 4600
 33kv 3700
 11kv 3700
 Sectional Clearances (mm):
 KV Rating Clearance
 220 4300
 132 3500
 33 2800
 11 2600
 Clearance for Indoor Equipment (mm):
 KV Rating Ph- Ph Ph - Earth
 33 356 222
 11 127 76
 (when conductors, bus are not insulated)
 Gap Settings:(mm)
 Sys KV Tr Bushg gap TT Gap GapAT
 33 none none none
 132 800 735 760
 220 1140 1120 1120