POWER ELECTRONICS

DC-DC CONVERTERS

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 Step Down Converter

t1
k  t1 f s
Ts
Vo ( average )  kVS Vo ( rms )  k VS
VS VS R
R  
I o ( average ) kVS / R k

• Constant frequency operation

•Variable frequency operation
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 PWM Waveform Generation

Vr
vr  t
T
Vcr
k
Vr

• which is also called the modulation index, M

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Step Down Operation with RL Load

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Step Down Operation with RL Load

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 Modes of Operation
di1
VS  Ri1  L E
dt
For i1 (t  0)  I1
VS  E
i1 (t )  I1e  tR / L

R
 1  e  tR / L

i1 (t  t1  kT )  I 2
di
0  Ri2  L 2  E
dt
For i2 (t  0)  I 2
E
i2 (t )  I 2e  tR / L
  1  e tR / L 
R
i2 (t  t2  (1  k )T )  I 3 I 3  I1
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 Modes of Operation
VS  E
At t  kT I 2  I1e  kTR / L

R
 1  e  kTR / L

E TR T
At t  (1  k )T I 3  I1  I 2e  (1 k )TR / L
  1 e  (1 k ) kTR / L
 z 
R L 

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 Discontinuous Operation
I1  0 L  RI 2 
VS  E t2  ln  1  
i1 (t ) 
R
 1  e  tR / L  R  E 
L  VS  E 
i1 (t  t1  kT )  I 2
VS  E
 ln 1  
R  E 
  1  e  kz

At t  kT I2 
R
 1  e  kz 

• For a continuous load current

VS  e kz  1  E
For I1  0  z   0
R  e 1  R
 e kz  1 E 
 z  0
 e  1 VS 
E e kz  1
which gives x  z
VS e  1
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 Step-Up Operation
di VS
vL  L I  t1
dt L
• The average output voltage
I  t1 
vo  VS  L  VS 1  
t2  t2 
1
 VS
1 k

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 Step-Up Operation
di1 VS
VS  L i1 (t )  t  I1
dt L
di
For 1  0 VS  0
dt
di2 VS  E
VS  L E i2 (t )  t  I2
dt L
di2
For  0 VS  E
dt

• For controllable power

0  VS  E

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 Step-Up Operation
di1 VS
VS  L i1 (t )  t  I1
dt L
VS
I 2  i1 (t  kT )  kT  I1
L

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 Converter Classifications
•1 st
Quadrant converter
• 2nd Quadrant converter
• 1st and 2nd quadrant
• 3rd and 4th quadrant
• Four-quadrant

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 1st Quadrant Converter
• Both the voltage and the current are positive

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 2nd Quadrant Converter
•The voltage is positive and the current is negative

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 2 Quadrant Converter
nd

diL
0L  RiL  E
dt
E
iL (t )  I1e  tR / L
  1  etR / L 
R
At t  t1  kT iL (t  t1  kT )  I 2
diL
VS  RiL  L E
dt
V E
iL (t )  I 2 e  tR / L  S
R
 1  e  tR / L 

At t  t2  (1  k )T iL (t  t 2  (1  k )T )  I1
VS 1  e  (1 k ) z E VS e  kz  e  z E
I1  z
 I2  z

R 1 e R R 1 e R
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 1 and 2 Quadrant Converter
st nd

• S1 and D4
• S4 and D1

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 3 and 4 Quadrant Converter
rd th

• S3 and D2
• S2 and D3

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 Four Quadrant Converter

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 Switching Mode Regulators

• Buck Regulator
• Boost Regulator
• Buck-Boost Regulator
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 Buck Regulator

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 Buck Regulator
Va  kVS I S  kI a
VS k (1  k )
I 
fL
I VS k (1  k )
VC  
8 fC 8 f 2CL
• The critical values for a continuous inductor current and
capacitor voltage

(1  k ) R
Lc  L 
2f
1 k
Cc  C 
16 Lf 2
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 Boost Regulator

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 Boost Regulator
VS Ia VS k
Va  IS  I 
1 k 1 k fL
I a  Va  VS  I a k
VC  
Va fC fC

• The critical values for a continuous

inductor current and capacitor voltage

k  1 k  R
Lc  L 
2f
k
Cc  C 
2 fR

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 Buck-Boost Regulator

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 Buck-Boost Regulator
kVS kI a VS k
Va  IS  I 
1 k 1 k fL
I a Va I k
VC   a
(Va  VS ) fC fC

• The critical values for a continuous inductor

current and capacitor voltage

k  1 k  R
Lc  L 
2f
k
Cc  C 
2 fR
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 Cuk Regulator

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 Cuk Regulator

kVS kI a
Va  IS 
1 k 1 k
VS k VS k
I1  I 2 
fL1 fL2
I S VS IS  1 k 
VC1  
(VS  Va ) fC1 fC1
Va (1  k ) kVS
VC 2  2

8C2 L2 f 8C2 L2 f 2

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 Cuk Regulator
•The critical values for a continuous inductor
current and capacitor voltage

 1 k 
2
R
Lc1  L1 
2kf

Lc 2  L2 
 1 k  R
2f
k
Cc1  C1 
2 fR
1
Cc 2  C2 
8 fR
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 Rectified Fed Converter

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 Input Filter

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 Summary
• A dc-dc can convert a fixed dc voltage to a
variable dc voltage.
• A four-quadrant converter allows power flow
to and from load.
• Switching mode converter can produce output
voltage higher and lower than the input voltage.
• The rectifier fed boost converter is commonly
used for unity power factor correction (UPFC).

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