Chapter 3

Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Virtual

Functions
What Is Inheritance?

 Provides a way to create a new class from an

existing class
 The new class is a specialized version of the
existing class
Example: Insects
The "is a" Relationship

 Inheritance establishes an "is a" relationship

between classes.
 A poodle is a dog
 A car is a vehicle
 A flower is a plant
 A football player is an athlete
 Inheritance – Terminology and
Notation
 Base class (or parent) – inherited from
 Derived class (or child) – inherits from the base class
 Notation:
class Student // base class
{
. . .
};
class UnderGrad : public student
{ // derived class
. . .
};
Back to the ‘is a’ Relationship

 An object of a derived class 'is a(n)' object of the

base class
 Example:
 an UnderGrad is a Student
 a Mammal is an Animal
 A derived object has all of the characteristics of the
base class
What Does a Child Have?

An object of the derived class has:

 all members defined in child class
 all members declared in parent class

An object of the derived class can use:

 all public members defined in child class
 all public members defined in parent class
Protected Members and
Class Access
 protected member access specification:
like private, but accessible by objects of
derived class

 Class access specification: determines how

private, protected, and public
members of base class are inherited by the
derived class
Class Access Specifiers

1) public – object of derived class can be treated

as object of base class (not vice-versa)
2) protected – more restrictive than public, but
allows derived classes to know details of parents
3) private – prevents objects of derived class
from being treated as objects of base class.
Inheritance vs. Access
How inherited base class
members
Base class members appear in derived class
private: x private x is inaccessible
protected: y base class
private: y
public: z private: z

private: x protecte x is inaccessible

protected: y d protected: y
base class
public: z protected: z

private: x public x is inaccessible

protected: y base class protected: y
public: z public: z
More Inheritance vs. Access

class Grade class Test : public Grade

private members: private members:
char letter; int numQuestions;
float score; float pointsEach;
void calcGrade(); int numMissed;
public members: public members:
void setScore(float); Test(int, int);
float getScore();
char getLetter();
private members:
int numQuestions:
When Test class inherits float pointsEach;
from Grade class using int numMissed;
public class access, it public members:
Test(int, int);
looks like this: void setScore(float);
float getScore();
float getLetter();
More Inheritance vs. Access (2)
class Grade class Test : protected Grade
private members: private members:
char letter; int numQuestions;
float score; float pointsEach;
void calcGrade(); int numMissed;
public members: public members:
void setScore(float); Test(int, int);
float getScore();
char getLetter();
private members:
int numQuestions:
When Test class inherits float pointsEach;
from Grade class using int numMissed;
protected class access, it public members:
Test(int, int);
looks like this: protected members:
void setScore(float);
float getScore();
float getLetter();
More Inheritance vs. Access (3)

class Grade class Test : private Grade

private members: private members:
char letter; int numQuestions;
float score; float pointsEach;
void calcGrade(); int numMissed;
public members: public members:
void setScore(float); Test(int, int);
float getScore();
char getLetter();
private members:
int numQuestions:
When Test class inherits float pointsEach;
from Grade class using int numMissed;
private class access, it void setScore(float);
float getScore();
looks like this: float getLetter();
public members:
Test(int, int);
Constructors and Destructors
in Base and Derived Classes
 Derived classes can have their own
constructors and destructors
 When an object of a derived class is created,
the base class’s constructor is executed first,
followed by the derived class’s constructor
 When an object of a derived class is
destroyed, its destructor is called first, then
that of the base class
Constructors and Destructors
in Base and Derived Classes
Program 5-14 (Continued)
Passing Arguments to
Base Class Constructor
 Allows selection between multiple base class
constructors
 Specify arguments to base constructor on
derived constructor heading:
Square::Square(int side) :
Rectangle(side, side)
 Can also be done with inline constructors
 Must be done if base class has no default
constructor
Passing Arguments to
Base Class Constructor

derived class constructor base class constructor

Square::Square(int side):Rectangle(side,side)

derived constructor base constructor

parameter parameters
Redefining Base Class
Functions
 Redefining a function: function in a derived
class that has the same name and parameter
list as a function in the base class

 Typically used to replace a function in base

class with different actions in derived class
Redefining Base Class
Functions
 Not the same as overloading – with
overloading, parameter lists must be different

 Objects of base class use base class version

of function; objects of derived class use
derived class version of function
Base Class

Note setScore function

15-22
Derived Class

Redefined setScore function

15-23
From Program 15-7
Problem with Redefining

 Consider this situation:

 Class BaseClass defines functions x() and y(). x()
calls y().
 Class DerivedClass inherits from BaseClass and
redefines function y().
 An object D of class DerivedClass is created and
function x() is called.
 When x() is called, which y() is used, the one defined in
BaseClass or the the redefined one in DerivedClass?
Problem with Redefining
BaseClass

void X(); Object D invokes function X()

void Y(); In BaseClass. Function X()
invokes function Y() in BaseClass, not
DerivedClass function Y() in DerivedClass,
because function calls are bound at
compile time.
This is static binding.

void Y();

DerivedClass D;
D.X();
Polymorphism and
Virtual Member Functions
 Virtual member function: function in base class that
expects to be redefined in derived class
 Function defined with key word virtual:
virtual void Y() {...}
 Supports dynamic binding: functions bound at run
time to function that they call
 Without virtual member functions, C++ uses static
(compile time) binding
Virtual Functions

 A virtual function is dynamically bound to

calls at runtime.

 At runtime, C++ determines the type of object

making the call, and binds the function to the
appropriate version of the function.
Virtual Functions

 To make a function virtual, place the virtual

key word before the return type in the base
class's declaration:

virtual char getLetterGrade() const;

 The compiler will not bind the function to
calls. Instead, the program will bind them at
runtime.
Polymorphism Requires
References or Pointers
 Polymorphic behavior is only possible when
an object is referenced by a reference
variable or a pointer.
Base Class Pointers

 Can define a pointer to a base class object

 Can assign it the address of a derived class
object
Base Class Pointers

 Base class pointers and references only know about

members of the base class
 So, you can’t use a base class pointer to call a derived
class function

 Redefined functions in derived class will be ignored

unless base class declares the function virtual
Abstract Base Classes and
Pure Virtual Functions
 Pure virtual function: a virtual member function that
must be overridden in a derived class that has
objects
 Abstract base class contains at least one pure
virtual function:
virtual void Y() = 0;
 The = 0 indicates a pure virtual function
 Must have no function definition in the base class
Abstract Base Classes and
Pure Virtual Functions

 Abstract base class: class that can have no

objects. Serves as a basis for derived
classes that may/will have objects
 A class becomes an abstract base class
when one or more of its member functions is
a pure virtual function
Multiple Inheritance
 A derived class can have more than one base class
 Each base class can have its own access
specification in derived class's definition:
class cube : public square,
public rectSolid;

class class
square rectSolid

class
cube
Multiple Inheritance

 Arguments can be passed to both base

classes' constructors:
cube::cube(int side) : square(side),
rectSolid(side, side, side);
 Base class constructors are called in order
given in class declaration, not in order used
in class constructor
Multiple Inheritance

 Problem: what if base classes have member

variables/functions with the same name?
 Solutions:
 Derived class redefines the multiply-defined function
 Derived class invokes member function in a particular base
class using scope resolution operator ::
 Compiler errors occur if derived class uses base
class function without one of these solutions