Chapter 20: Magnetic Properties

ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• How do we measure magnetic properties?

• What are the atomic reasons for magnetism?

• How are magnetic materials classified?

• Materials design for magnetic storage.

• What is the importance of superconducting magnets?

Chapter 20 - 1
 Applied Magnetic Field
• Created by current through a coil:

Applied
N = total number of turns
magnetic field H
L = length of each turn

current I
• Relation for the applied magnetic field, H:
N I
H
L current

applied magnetic field

units = (ampere-turns/m)

Chapter 20 - 2
 Response to a Magnetic Field
• Magnetic induction results in the material

B = Magnetic Induction (tesla)

inside the material

current I

• Magnetic susceptibility,  (dimensionless)

B  >0  measures the

vacuum  = 0 material response
<0 relative to a vacuum.
H Chapter 20 - 3
 Magnetic Susceptibility
• Measures the response of electrons to a magnetic field.

• Electrons produce magnetic moments:

magnetic moments
electron electron

nucleus spin Adapted from Fig. 20.4,

Callister 7e.

• Net magnetic moment:

--sum of moments from all electrons.

• Three types of response...

Chapter 20 - 4
 3 Types of Magnetism
B  (1  ) o H permeability of a vacuum:
Magnetic induction (1.26 x 10-6 Henries/m)
B (tesla)
(3) ferromagnetic e.g. Fe3O4, NiFe2O4
ferrimagnetic e.g. ferrite(), Co, Ni, Gd
(  as large as 106 !)

(2) paramagnetic (  ~ 10 -4)

e.g., Al, Cr, Mo, Na, Ti, Zr
vacuum ( = 0)
(1) diamagnetic (  ~ -10 -5)
e.g., Al 2 O3 , Cu, Au, Si, Ag, Zn

Strength of applied magnetic field (H)

(ampere-turns/m) Plot adapted from Fig. 20.6, Callister 7e. Values and
materials from Table 20.2 and discussion in Section
20.4, Callister 7e.
Chapter 20 - 5
 Magnetic Moments for 3 Types
No Applied Applied
Magnetic Field (H = 0) Magnetic Field (H)

opposing
(1) diamagnetic

none
Adapted from Fig.
20.5(a), Callister 7e.

random

aligned
(2) paramagnetic Adapted from Fig.
20.5(b), Callister 7e.
aligned

aligned
(3) ferromagnetic Adapted from Fig. 20.7,
Callister 7e.
ferrimagnetic

Chapter 20 - 6
 Ferro- & Ferri-Magnetic Materials
• As the applied field (H) increases...
--the magnetic moment aligns with H.
Bsat
Adapted from Fig.
H 20.13, Callister 7e. (Fig.
20.13 adapted from
O.H. Wyatt and D. Dew-
H Hughes, Metals,
induction (B)

Ceramics, and
H • “Domains” with Polymers, Cambridge
Magnetic

University Press, 1974.)

aligned magnetic
H moment grow at
expense of poorly
aligned ones!
H
0 Applied Magnetic Field (H)

H=0
Chapter 20 - 7
 Permanent Magnets
• Process: B
2. apply H, cause
3. remove H, alignment stays! alignment
=> permanent magnet! Adapted from Fig.
20.14, Callister 7e.

Applied Magnetic
Field (H)
4 . Coercivity, HC 1. initial (unmagnetized state)
Negative H needed to demagnitize!
B Adapted from Fig. 20.19,
• Hard vs Soft Magnets Callister 7e. (Fig. 20.19 from
K.M. Ralls, T.H. Courtney, and
large coercivity J. Wulff, Introduction to
Hard

Materials Science and

--good for perm magnets Engineering, John Wiley and

Hard
--add particles/voids to Sons, Inc., 1976.)
Soft

make domain walls Applied Magnetic

hard to move (e.g., Field (H)
tungsten steel:
Hc = 5900 amp-turn/m) small coercivity--good for elec. motors
(e.g., commercial iron 99.95 Fe)
Chapter 20 - 8
 Magnetic Storage
• Information is stored by magnetizing material.
• Head can... recording medium
-- apply magnetic field H &
align domains (i.e.,
magnetize the medium).
-- detect a change in the
magnetization of the recording
medium. Image of hard drive courtesy
Martin Chen.
Adaptedhead
from Fig. 20.23, Callister 7e.
(Fig. 20.23 from J.U. Lemke, MRS
Reprinted with permission Bulletin, Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.)
• Two media types: from International Business
Machines Corporation.

-- Particulate: needle-shaped --Thin film: CoPtCr or CoCrTa

-Fe2O3. +/- mag. moment alloy. Domains are ~ 10 - 30 nm!
along axis. (tape, floppy) (hard drive) Adapted from Fig. 20.25(a),
Adapted from Fig.
20.24, Callister 7e. Callister 7e. (Fig. 20.25(a)
(Fig. 20.24 from M.R. Kim, S.
Guruswamy, and K.E.
courtesy P. Rayner ~2.5 m ~120 nm Johnson, J. Appl. Phys.,
and N.L. Head, IBM
Vol. 74 (7), p. 4646, 1993. )
Corporation.)

Chapter 20 - 9
 Superconductivity

Hg

Copper
(normal)

4.2 K Adapted from Fig. 20.26,

Callister 7e.

• Tc = temperature below which material is superconductive

= critical temperature
Chapter 20 - 10
 Limits of Superconductivity
• 26 metals + 100’s of alloys & compounds
• Unfortunately, not this simple:
Jc = critical current density if J > Jc not superconducting
Hc = critical magnetic field if H > Hc not superconducting

Hc= Ho (1- (T/Tc)2)

Adapted from Fig. 20.27,

Callister 7e.

Chapter 20 - 11
 Advances in Superconductivity
• This research area was stagnant for many years.
– Everyone assumed Tc,max was about 23 K
– Many theories said you couldn’t go higher
• 1987- new results published for Tc > 30 K
– ceramics of form Ba1-x Kx BiO3-y
– Started enormous race.
• Y Ba2Cu3O7-x Tc = 90 K
• Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3Ox Tc = 122 K
• tricky to make since oxidation state is quite important
• Values now stabilized at ca. 120 K

Chapter 20 - 12
 Meissner Effect
• Superconductors expel magnetic fields

normal superconductor
Adapted from Fig. 20.28,
Callister 7e.

• This is why a superconductor will float above a magnet

Chapter 20 - 13
 Current Flow in Superconductors

• Type I current only in outer skin

- so amount of current limited

• Type II current flows within wire

Type I

M Type II

HC1 HC HC2 H
complete
diamagnetism mixed normal
state
Chapter 20 - 14
 Superconducting Materials
CuO2 planes

X Cu
O linear
X Cu chains
X X
X
Ba Y Ba
X
X
(001) planes
X

YBa2Cu3O7

Vacancies (X) provide electron coupling between CuO2 planes.

Chapter 20 - 15
 Summary
• A magnetic field can be produced by:
-- putting a current through a coil.
• Magnetic induction:
-- occurs when a material is subjected to a magnetic field.
-- is a change in magnetic moment from electrons.
• Types of material response to a field are:
-- ferri- or ferro-magnetic (large magnetic induction)
-- paramagnetic (poor magnetic induction)
-- diamagnetic (opposing magnetic moment)
• Hard magnets: large coercivity.
• Soft magnets: small coercivity.
• Magnetic storage media:
-- particulate -Fe2O3 in polymeric film (tape or floppy)
-- thin film CoPtCr or CoCrTa on glass disk (hard drive)

Chapter 20 - 16
 ANNOUNCEMENTS
Reading:

Core Problems:

Self-help Problems:

Chapter 20 - 17