CE408 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

TOPICS: IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

WEEK: 2
LECTURE: 1
LEVEL: 8 T H SEMESTER
PREREQUISITES: NONE
 
COURSE TEACHER: ENGR. KHURAM SALEEM ( khurram
[email protected])
ACCESS AT: portal.suit.edu.pk
Civil Engineering Department, SUIT Peshawar
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Topics to be discussed
Terms Symbol Units

Base Period B days

Delta ∆ cm

Duty D ha/cumec

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Water Requirement of Crops
Every crop requires certain amount of water after a certain
fixed interval through out its growth period
In England regular rainfall takes place and the rains are of
adequate intensity and volume, so in such countries irrigation
is not as such necessary.
Arid Regions – (Pakistan & India) where irrigation is a must for agriculture

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Water and Soil
Different crops will have different water requirements
Same crop may have different water requirements at different places of the
same country (variations in climates, types of soil, methods of cultivation, useful
rainfalls etc.)
Crop Period and Base Period

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Crop Period and Base Period
The time period that elapses from the instant of sowing of a crop to the instant
of its harvesting is called the crop period.
The time between the first watering of a crop at the time of its sowing to its last
watering before harvesting is called the base period.
Crop period is slightly more than the base period. But both are taken as same for
practical purposes

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 Base Period and Crop Period

BASE PERIOD

sowing First watering Intermediate waterings Last watering Harvesting

CROP PERIOD

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Base period and Delta
Base period denoted as B.
Its unit is days.

Delta
Each crop requires a certain amount of water after a fixed interval of time,
through out its growth period.

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Delta
The depth of water in each watering (5 – 10 cm)
Interval between two consecutive waterings (6 – 15 days) called frequency of
irrigation or rotation period.
The summation of all the individual water depths that had been supplied during
the entire base period of a crop is called Delta.

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 Delta

Depth of + Depth of + Depth of Depth of Depth of  

+ + =
Watering 1 Watering 2 Watering 3 Watering 4 Last Watering
Rotation
Period

Base Period

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Delta
Its units are:
1. Acre ft, Hectare meter
2. Million cubic meter, million cubic foot
3. cm (we will normally use this one) – the depth of water that would stand on
the field (without percolation)

Symbol of delta is ∆

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Question
If rice requires 10 cm depth of water at an interval of 8 days. And the crop
period is 140 days, find out the delta ?
Solution:
Number of waterings = Base Period = 140 days = 17.5 times = 18 times
interval 8 days

Delta = # of waterings x depth of each time = 18 x 10 cm = 180 cm

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Delta (∆) of Certain Crops:
S. No Crop Delta

1. SugarCane 120 cm (48 inch)

2. Rice 120 cm (48 inch)
3. Tobacco 75 cm (30 inch)
4. Garden fruits 60 cm (24 inch)
5. Cotton 50 cm (22 inch)
6. Vegetable 45 cm (18 inch)
7. Wheat 40 cm (16 inch)
8. Barley 30 cm (12 inch)
9. Maize 25 cm (10 inch)
10. Fodder 22.5 cm (9 inch)
11. Peas 15 cm (6 inch)

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Duty
It is the relationship between the volume of irrigation water and the area of
crops that it mature.
It is defined as the number of hectares of land irrigated for full growth of a crop
by supply of I cumec of water continuously supplied during the entire base
period of that crop (B).

1 m³/s
Number of Hectares irrigated

B days

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Duty
For example, if water is flowing at a discharge rate of 1 m³/s runs continuously
for B days and matures 200 hectares of land then duty of water for that
particular crop will be defined as 200 ha/cumec.
Symbol of duty is D

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Duty (D) of Certain Crops:

S. No Crop Duty (ha/cumec)

1. SugarCane 730
2. Rice 775
3. other Kharif Crops 1500
4. Rabbi 1800
5. Perennials 1100
6. Hot Fodder 2000

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Relationship Between Delta and Duty
Let there be a crop having base period of B days. ( it means, that particular
crop matures in B days)

let 1 cumec water is applied to the field (of that crop) for B days

Volume of water applied to the crop (under consideration) for B days

will be = 1 cumec x B days.

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Relationship ∆ and D (delta and duty)
Volume = 1 m³/sec x B x 24 hrs
= 1 m³/sec x B x 24 x 60 mins
= 1 m³/sec x B x 24 x 60 x 60 sec
= 86,400 B meter³
Now suppose this much water matures D hectares of land
Then the depth of water can be calculated by a simple common sense formula
Depth = Volume
Area

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Relationship ∆ and D (delta and duty)
Vol = 86,400 B meter³
Area = D ha = D x 10⁴ meter ² (we know 1 hecatare = 10 ⁴ m² )

Depth = Volume = 86,400 B meter³

Area D x 10⁴ meter²

Depth = 8.64 B/D meter = 864 B/D centimeter

∆ = 864 B/D where ∆ in cm, B in days and D in ha/cumec

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Question
Find the delta for a crop when its duty is 900 ha/cumec on the field. Base period
of this crop is 120 days?
Solution:

◦ ∆ = 864 B = 864 x 120 = 115.2 cm = 115 cm

◦ D 900

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Factors affecting Duty
•Type of crop (crop requiring more water will have less flourishing acreage and vice versa)
•Climate and Season (water lost in evaporation and percolation in hot weather and thus
less acreage will be flourished)
•Useful Rainfall (Rainfall will ease the pressure on irrigation water and thus more land will
be covered)
•Type of Soil (Sandy soil has high percolation and thus water lost instead of getting
spread)
•Efficiency of Cultivation method (modern and efficient ways will improve acreage for
given amount of water)

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Layout of a Canal System
(Diagram contd. )

Distributary
Weir
River Flow
Q < 2.5 cumecs
Minor
Main Canal

Water course
Q > 30 cumecs

Branch Canal

Q < 30 cumecs
Field

Distributary

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The end

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