Calibration of optical tachometers

Physics Metrology Division

Nelson Bahamón Cortés (nbahamon@[Link])
Andrés Montaño Rodriguez (wamontano@[Link])
What is an optical tachometer?
 Optical Tachometer

Contactless type instrument that uses light beam (IR or laser) to measure
rotational frequency, i.e: to count amount of engine´s shaft rotations per time
unit.
 Technical Specifications Tachometer DT 2236B

Range (2.5 to 99 999) RPM Time base Quartz cristal

0.01 RPM (2.5 to 999) RPM
Resolution 0.1 RPM (1 000 to 9 999) RPM Sampling 1 second (over 6
(Experimental) time RPM)
1 RPM (> 9 999 RPM)

Measuring
Display 5 digits LCD Max. 2 m
Distance
Measuring
Accuracy + (0.05% + 1 digit) At less than 120°
Angle
Auto zero adjustment
 Quantity and Measure Unit

60 RPM = 1 Hz
Rotational Frequency Frequency
[RPM] [Hz]

On repetitive physical On electrical signals,

phenomenon, frequency is standard unit is Hertz, its
usually measured using symbol is Hz and it is
revolutions per minute units defined as the number of
and its symbol es r/min or events or cycles per
RPM. second.
 Calibration System

Signal Generation System

- Waveform generator and counter,

both disciplined to an standar signal
traceable to SI unit.

- Light emitter diode to generate

optical pulses.
 Calibration Procedure

 Direct comparison calibration against frequency measurement of a frequency

counter traceable to SI unit.

 The time Interval between each pulse corresponds to the period of the signal
frequency.
 Recommendations
Alignmet: keep DUT and LED front to front, you can use a metal holder to
attach the DUT.
Measurement Time: take into account the period of the signal frequency.
Method of measurement
Mathematical model – estimation of uncertainty
Standard Deviation vs Allan Variance

𝑛 𝑛 −1
 

√ √
2 2
∑ ( 𝑦 𝑖 − ´𝑦 ) ∑ ( 𝑦 𝑖+1 − 𝑦𝑖 )
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑆= 𝜎 𝑦 (𝜏 )=
𝑛 −1 2 ( 𝑛 −1)
Mathematical model – estimation of uncertainty
Standard Deviation vs Allan Variance

𝑛 𝑛 −1
 

√ √
2 2
∑ ( 𝑦 𝑖 − ´𝑦 ) ∑ ( 𝑦 𝑖+1 − 𝑦𝑖 )
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑆= 𝜎 𝑦 (𝜏 )=
𝑛 −1 2 ( 𝑛 −1)
Modelo matemático
Desviación estándar vs Varianza de Allan

𝑛 𝑛 −1
 

√ √
2 2
∑ ( 𝑦 𝑖 − ´𝑦 ) ∑ ( 𝑦 𝑖+1 − 𝑦𝑖 )
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑆= 𝜎 𝑦 (𝜏 )=
𝑛 −1 2 ( 𝑛 −1)
Modelo matemático
Mathematical model – estimation of uncertainty
Central limit theorem

u1 u3
u2
u7 u4
u5
uC
u8
u6
Mathematical model – estimation of uncertainty
Central limit theorem. Dominance

u1 u3
u2
u7 u4
u5
uC
uD u6
Mathematical model – estimation of uncertainty
Mathematical model:

𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=
  𝑓 𝐼𝐵𝐶 − 𝑓 𝑃
Mathematical model – estimation of uncertainty
Mathematical model:

𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟=
  𝑓 𝐼𝐵𝐶 − 𝑓 𝑃

Uncertainty:
Repeatability Resolution Standard
Mathematical model – estimation of uncertainty
Component of uncertainty:

Repeatability:

Resolution:

Standard:
Mathematical model – estimation of uncertainty
Component of uncertainty:

 
Repeatability:

Resolution:

Standard:
Mathematical model – estimation of uncertainty
Component of uncertainty:

 
Repeatability:

Resolution:

Standard:
Mathematical model – estimation of uncertainty
Combined uncertainty:

2 2 2
√
𝑢  𝑐 = 𝑐 𝐼𝐵𝐶 ( 𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒 +𝑢 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜 ) +𝑐 𝑃 ( 𝑢 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑟 ó 𝑛)
Mathematical model – estimation of uncertainty
Combined uncertainty:

2 2 2
√
𝑢  𝑐 = 𝑐 𝐼𝐵𝐶 ( 𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒 +𝑢 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜 ) +𝑐 𝑃 ( 𝑢 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑟 ó 𝑛)
Mathematical model – estimation of uncertainty
Combined uncertainty:

𝐸=
  𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑓 𝐼𝐵𝐶 − 𝑓 𝑃
Mathematical model – estimation of uncertainty
Combined uncertainty:

𝐸=
  𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑓 𝐼𝐵𝐶 − 𝑓 𝑃
Mathematical model – estimation of uncertainty
Expanded uncertainty

𝑈
  =𝑘 ×𝑢 𝑐
Mathematical model – estimation of uncertainty
Dominance: Calibration Guide EURAMET
𝑁 cg-15 Versión 3.0 (02/2015)
√
 
∑ ( 𝑐 𝑖 𝑢 𝑖 )2
𝑖 ≠ 𝑚𝑎𝑥
≤ 0.3
( 𝑐𝑢 ) 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Mathematical model – estimation of uncertainty
Welch-Satterwaite:
  𝑢 4𝑐
𝜈 𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐 = 4
𝑁
( 𝑐 𝑖 𝑢𝑖 )
∑ 𝜈𝑖
4
𝑖=1
Mathematical model – estimation of uncertainty
Welch-Satterwaite: GUM Anexo G
4 −2
𝑢𝑐 ∆ 𝑢( 𝑥𝑖 )
 
𝜈 𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐 =
𝑁

∑
( 𝑐 𝑖 𝑢𝑖 )
4
4
𝜐𝑖 ≈
1
2 [ 𝑢 ( 𝑥𝑖 ) ]
𝑖=1 𝜈𝑖
Mathematical model – estimation of uncertainty
Welch-Satterwaite: GUM Anexo G
4 −2
𝑢𝑐 ∆ 𝑢( 𝑥𝑖 )
 
𝜈 𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐 =
𝑁

∑
( 𝑐 𝑖 𝑢𝑖 )
4
4
𝜐𝑖 ≈
1
2 [ 𝑢 ( 𝑥𝑖 ) ]
𝑖=1 𝜈𝑖

2
1  u ( xi ) 
i  
2  u ( xi ) 
 = 200
Mathematical model – estimation of uncertainty
t distribution:
Mathematical model
t distribution:

GUM Tabla G.2

Mathematical model
Normal distribution:

GUM Tabla G.1

Mathematical model
Normal distribution:

GUM Tabla G.1

Mathematical model
Rectangular distribution:

GUM nota tabla G.1

 ¡Gracias!

Instituto Nacional de Metrología de Colombia - Av. Carrera 50 No 26 - 55 Int. 2 Bogotá, D.C. - Colombia
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