STATIC ROUTES
General Role of the Router
Functions of a Router
Best Path Selections
Forwarding packets to destination
Interfaces
Configuring an Ethernet interface
-By default all serial and Ethernet interfaces are down
-To enable an interface use the No Shutdown command
To configure an ethernet interface
Example:
-R2(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
-R2(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0
-R2(config-if)#no shutdown
To configure a serial interface
Example:
-R2(config)#interface serial0/0
-R2(config-if)#ip address 172.17.1.1 255.255.255.0
-R2(config-if)#clock rate 64000 //IF DCE
-R2(config-if)#no shutdown
Administrative Distance of a Route
Directly connected routes
-Immediately appear in the routing table as soon as the
interface is configured
Interfaces
Verifying interface information
-Show interfaces xxx– command used to show
status of a particular interface
-Show ip interface brief
-Show running-config
Static Routes
IP route command
To configure a static route use the following command: ip route
Example:
-Router(config)# ip route network-address subnet-
mask {ip-address | exit-interface }
Static Routes
Zinin’s 3 routing principles
Principle 1: "Every router makes its decision alone, based on
the information it has in its own routing table.“
Principle 2: "The fact that one router has certain information in
its routing table does not mean that other routers have the
same information.“
Principle 3: "Routing information about a path from one
network to another does not provide routing information about
the reverse, or return path."
Static Routes
Modifying Static routes
Existing static routes cannot be modified. The old static route
must be deleted by placing no in front of the ip route
Example:
-no ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2
A new static route must be rewritten in the configuration
Static Routes
Verifying the Static Route Configuration
-Use the following commands
Step 1 show running-config
Step 2 verify static route has been entered correctly
Step 3 show ip route
Step 4 verify route was configured in routing table
Step 5 issue ping command to verify packets can reach
destination and that Return path is working
Static Routes
Configuring routes to 2 or more remote networks
Use the following commands for R1
-R1(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
172.16.2.2
-R1(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0
172.16.2.2
Default Route
Default Static Route
This is a route that will match all packets. Stub routers that
have a number of static routes all exiting the same interface are
good candidates for a default route.
-Like route summarization this will help reduce the
size of the routing table
Configuring a default static route
Similar to configuring a static route. Except that destination IP
address and subnet mask are all zeros
Example:
-Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [exit-
interface | ip-address ]
Summary and Default Route
Static routes and subnet masks
The routing table lookup process will use the most specific
match when comparing destination IP address and subnet
mask
Default static routes and subnet masks
Since the subnet mask used on a default static route is 0.0.0.0
all packets will match.
http://cisco.edu.mn/CCNA_R&S_2_(Routing%20and
%20Switching
%20Essentials)/course/module6/index.html#6.4.1.1
Static Routes and Packet Forwarding
Troubleshooting a Missing Route
Tools that can be used to isolate routing problems
include:
-Ping– tests end to end connectivity
-Traceroute– used to discover all of the hops (routers) along the
path between 2 points
-Show IP route– used to display routing table & ascertain
forwarding process
-Show ip interface brief- used to show status of router
interfaces
-Show cdp neighbors detail– used to gather configuration
information about directly connected neighbors
Dynamic Routes
Dynamic Routing Protocols
Function(s) of Dynamic Routing Protocols:
-Dynamically share information between routers.
-Automatically update routing table when topology changes.
-Determine best path to a destination.
Dynamic Routing Protocols
The purpose of a dynamic routing protocol is to:
-Discover remote networks
-Maintaining up-to-date routing information
-Choosing the best path to destination networks
-Ability to find a new best path if the current path is no longer
available
Dynamic Routing Protocols
Components of a routing protocol
Algorithm
In the case of a routing protocol algorithms are
used for facilitating routing information and best path
determination
Routing protocol messages
These are messages for discovering neighbors and
exchange of routing information
Dynamic Routing Protocols
Advantages of static routing
-It can backup multiple interfaces/networks on a router
-Easy to configure
-No extra resources are needed
-More secure
Disadvantages of static routing
-Network changes require manual reconfiguration
-Does not scale well in large topologies
Classifying Routing Protocols
Dynamic routing protocols are grouped according to
characteristics. Examples include:
-RIP
-IGRP
-EIGRP
-OSPF
-IS-IS
-BGP
Autonomous System is a group of routers under the control of
a single authority.
Classifying Routing Protocols
Types of routing protocols:
-Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP)
-Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP)
Classifying Routing Protocols
IGP: Comparison of Distance Vector & Link State
Routing Protocols
Distance vector
routes are advertised as vectors
of distance & direction.
incomplete view of network
topology.
Generally, periodic
updates.
Link state
complete view of network
topology is created.
updates are not
periodic.
Classifying Routing Protocols
Classful routing
protocols
Do NOT send subnet mask
in routing updates
Classless routing
protocols
Do send subnet mask in
routing updates.
Classifying Routing Protocols
Convergence is defined as when all routers’ routing
tables are at a state of consistency
Routing Protocols Metrics
Metric
A value used by a routing protocol to determine which
routes are better than others.
Routing Protocols Metrics
Metrics used in IP routing protocols
-Bandwidth
-Cost
-Delay
-Hop count
-Load
-Reliability
Routing Protocols Metrics
The Metric Field in the
Routing Table
Metric used for each
routing protocol
-RIP - hop count
-IGRP & EIGRP -
Bandwidth (used by
default), Delay (used by
default), Load, Reliability
-IS-IS & OSPF – Cost,
Bandwidth (Cisco’s
implementation)
Routing Protocols Metrics
Load balancing
This is the ability of a router to distribute packets among
multiple same cost paths
Administrative Distance of a Route
Purpose of a metric
It’s a calculated value used to determine the best path to a
destination
Purpose of Administrative Distance
It’s a numeric value that specifies the preference of a particular
route
Administrative Distance of a Route
Identifying the Administrative Distance (AD) in a
routing table
It is the first number in the brackets in the routing table
Administrative Distance of a Route
Administrative Distance of a Route
Directly connected routes
Have a default AD of 0
Static Routes
Administrative distance of a static route has a default value of
1
