A PRESENTATION ON SUMMER TRAINING AT ASSAM
ELECTRICITY GRID CORPORATION LTD,
MARIANI, JORHAT
&
LOAD SURVEY REPORT
BY
xxxxxxxxx
[ROLL NO: 1234567890]
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
AAAAAAAAA
Department of Electrical Engineering
XYZ INSTITUTE
2020
PROJECT NO .1
Report
on
ASSAM ELECTRICITY GRID
CORPORATION LTD.
MARIANI, JORHAT
INTRODUCTION
An electrical grid is an interconnected network for delivering
electricity from producers to consumers. It consist of
generating stations that produce electrical power, high voltage
transmission lines that carry power from distant sources to
demand centers and distribution lines that connect individual
customers.
H.R.H. The Prince of Wales Institute of Engg. and Technology
gives a chance to their students to spend15days for industrial
visit at various companies. This training gives the opportunity
for acquiring knowledge about the industrial equipments and
give a chance how to deal our studies in practical field. So we
selected Mariani Grid.
BRIEF ABOUT SUBSTATION AND GRID
A grid substation is an interconnection between two or more
substation or generating station. A substation is a part of an
electrical generation transmission and distribution system.
substation transform voltage from high to low or the reverse, or
perform any of several other important functions. Between the
generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through
several substations at different voltage levels.
A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels
between high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages,
or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages. An
electric grid is a network of synchronized power providers and
consumers that are connected by transmission and distribution
lines are operated by one or more control centers. when most
people talk about “power grid” they are referring to the
transmission system for electricity.
TYPES OF GRID
1. Eastern
2. Western
3. Northern
4. Sou thern
5. North Eastern
MARIANI GRID SUBSTATION
Mariani 220/132/66/33 KV grid substation is one of the oldest
substation of Assam State Power Estd. Around 1970s situated at
Nagajanka, near about 3k.m from Mariani town. Beginning the
voltage level of the substation is 66/33/11 KV now the voltage level is
220/132/66/33 KV. It is connected with national grid and it is the
power mid point of upper and lower Assam. It is connected with
three major generating/power substation of upper Assam. It has
two 100 MVA auto transformer of 220/132 KV, one 20 MVA auto
transformer of 132/66 KV, two 25 MVA power transformer of 132/33
KV, one 5 MVA power transformer of 33/11 KV and one 250 KVA
transformer of 33/.4 KV (station transformer) and two reactors of
12.5 MVAR connected at 220 KV level and it has four outgoing and
incoming feeder, two outgoing and incoming feeders (under
construction) at 220 KV level, five outgoing and incoming feeders at
132 KV level, two outgoing and incoming feeders at 66 KV level and
five outgoing and incoming feeders at 33 KV level.
SWITCHYARD
A switchyard is a place where all the equipments of a substation are
placed. It is used for switching.
SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENTS
1. Transformer
2. Lightning arrestor
3. Current transformer
4. Circuit breaker
5. Isolator
6. Potential transformer
7. Capacitive voltage transformer
8. Earth switch
9. Busbar
10. Wave trap
1. Transformer
A transformer is a static device that transforms a.c. electrical power
from one voltage level to another without a change in frequency by
electromagnetic induction. There is no rotating part of a transformer.
2. Lightning arrestor
It is used to prevent the lines from natural ligh tning. It grounds the
excess voltage. It is used to protect the equipments from damage.
3. Current transformer (CT)
It steps down the current to a suitable measuring value. The primary
side of a CT is connected in series with line carrying the current to be
measured and this winding has lesser number of turns. The secondary
winding is connected the with ammeter.
It is used to (a) Measure the current and (b) Protect the equipments.
4. Circuit breaker (CB)
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated switch designed to
protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload short
circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt
current flow. A circuit breaker can be reset (either automatically or
manually) to resume normal condition.
Types of circuit breaker
a. Air circuit breaker
b. Minimum oil circuit breaker (MOCB)
c. Vacuum circuit breaker
d. SF6 circuit breaker
5. Isolator
It is a visualizing switch which isolates a part of circuit from system
when required for safe maintenance and protection. Through isolator
one can see open condition of the section of a circuit. It operates only
at no load condition.
6. Potential transformer (PT)
It steps down the voltage to a suitable measuring value. It is used to
operate voltmeters from high voltage lines. The primary winding of the
transformer is connected the line carrying the voltage to be measured
and the voltage circuit is connected across the secondary winding.
7. Capacitor voltage transformer (CVT)
A capacitor voltage transformer steps down the extra high voltage and
gives a low voltage.
It is used for
a. Measurement
b. Protection
c. Communication (between two station through power lines)
9. Busbar
It is a nodal agent where several incoming and outgoing lines/circuits
are connected. Both import and export comes at the same point.
Types of busbar
a. Rigid busbar
b. Stain busbar
Uses
Stain busbar is used in grid substation but it is costlier than
rigid busbar. Rigid busbar is used inside the panel.
10. Wave trap
It is used to communicate from one substation to other. It traps the
communication. It is a protective device. It blocks extra frequency.
FEEDER CONNECTED TO MARIANI GRID SUBSTSTION
1. 220 KV
Kathalguri, Namrup-1, Namrup-2, Samaguri-1, Samaguri-2, Misa
2. 132KV
Lakuwa, Mokokchung, Jorhat-1, Jorhat-2, Dimapur (Golaghat)
3. 66kv
Nazira-1, Nazira-2, Golaghat-1, Golaghat-2
4. 33KV
Mariani, Teok, Chanki, ONGC Jorhat, Titabor, PGCIL(New Sonowal)
CONDUCTORS
Conductors are those materials through which electric current can
pass through easily. They offer very low resistance to the flow of electric
current.
Types of conductors depending upon their material
• ACSR (Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced)
• AAAC (All Aluminium Alloy Conductor)
COMPARISON BETWEEN ACSR AND AAAC
• Tensile strength of ACSR is higher than AAAC.
• Current carrying capacity of AAAC is greater than ACSR ACSR has
greater weight than AAAC.
• AAAC is corrosion free.
• ACSR has greater power loss.
• ACSR has more weight than AAAC.
Types of conductors depending upon current carrying
capacity:
Weasel conductor (Current carrying capacity 150 A)
Squirrel conductor (Current carrying capacity 115 A)
Rabbit Conductor (Current carrying capacity 240 A)
Raccoon Conductor (Current carrying capacity 270 A)
Wolf conductor (Current carrying capacity 520 A)
Dog conductor (Current carrying capacity 520 A)
Panther conductor (Current carrying capacity 780 A)
Zebra conductor (Current carrying capacity 880 A)
Deer conductor (Current carrying capacity 800 A)
Moose conductor (Current carrying capacity 800 A)
Camel conductors (Current carrying capacity 830 A)
TOWERS
Towers are main supporting unit of overhead line.
Transmission towers have to carry the conductor at a
sufficient height from ground.
In addition to that all towers have to sustain all kinds of
natural calamities.
Types of towers in transmission line:
•A type tower (Suspension type, angle of deviation 00-20)
•B type tower (Tension tower, angle of deviation 20-150)
•C type tower (Tension tower, angle of deviation 150-300)
•D type tower (Tension tower, angle of deviation 300-600, also
known as dead end tower)
EQUIPMENT CONNECTED IN TRANSMISSION LINE
Jumpers: When two wires are separated by an insulator for any angle
displacement and a small wire is used for making the line continuity from
one point to another. That small wire is called jumpering.
Vibrating damper: Vibrating dampers are used in area of severe
vibration. Dampers act to decrease vibration amplitudes mostly caused by
wind thereby reduce the dynamic bending stress at hardware location and
extend conductor life.
Ground wire: Ground wires are bare conductors supported at the top of
transmission towers. They serve to shield the line and intercept ligh ting
stroke before it hits the current carrying conductors below. Ground wires
normally do not carry current. Therefore , they are often made steel. The
ground wires are solidly connected to ground at each tower in
transmission and distribution system.
INSULATORS
Insulators are devices used to separate electrical conductors on high
voltage electricity supply lines. It never allows electric current to flow
through it.
Types of insulator: a. Pin insulator, b. Shackle insulator, c. Dish
insulator.
a. Pin insulator: It is earliest developed overhead insulator. It is used up
to 33kv.
b. Shackle insulator: It is used at the end of lines where there is excessive
tensile load on the lines. It is mounted axially
c. Disc insulator: Dish insulators are designed for low voltage, up to 11kv.
There are two types of disc insulator.
1. Suspension type and 2. Tension type
Types of insulator on the basis of constructional material
a. Porcelain insulator
b. Polymeric insulator (mixture of silica)
EARTHING
Earthing is to protect human and equipments. It connects a circuit with
the ground. In case of any fault current directly flows to ground.
Types of earthing: a. Plate earthing and b. Pipe earthing
a. Plat e earthing: In this system a cast iron plate is used as earthing
earth plate. This is being connected with hot GI main earth strip by means
of nuts, bolts and washers of desired size.
b. Pipe earthing: In this GI pipe is used for equipment earthing. This
pipe is per forated at proper interval. The earth pipe is placed inside2700
mm depth pit. In this system alternate layer of salt and charcoal is used.
water is poured into the pipe its open end to keep the earth resistance
within limit.
EARTHING USED IN SUBSTATION
In grid substation grid earthing is used in this system the neutral points of
transformers and also for connecting the non current carrying metal parts
such as structures, overhead wires, tanks, etc are connected to the earth.
The function of substation earthing is to give a grounding mat below the
earth surface in and around the substation which will have uniformly zero
potential with respect to ground.
EARTHING OF SUBSTATION FENCES
The earthing of metallic fences is a vital importance because dangerous
touch potentials can be involved and the fence is often accessible to
common people.
Fence earthing can be accomplished in two ways:
1. Electrically connecting the fence to the earth grid at a convenient place
where the potential gradient from the grid edge is acceptably low.
2. Individually earthing the fence and locating it outside the earth grid.
STEP VOLTAGE
It is defined as the potential difference between a persons
outstretched feet, normally 1 meter apart, without the person
touching any earthed structure.
TOUCH VOLTAGE
It is defined as the potential difference between a persons
outstretched hand, touching an earthed structure and his
foot.
SYSTEM OF BUSES
There are mainly three types of bus system. These are -
a. Single bus system
b. Double bus system (Main bus and Transfer bus)
c. Double bus system (Main I and Main II)
a. Single bus system
It is the simplest and cheapest bus system. In this system all the feeders
and transformer bay are connected to only one single bus.
Disadvantage of single bus system: Maintenance of any equipment of any
bay is not possible without interrupting the feeder or the transformer
connected to that bay
b. Double bus system (Main and transfer bus)
Here every feeder line is directly connected through an isolator to a second
bus called transfer bus. If main circuit breaker associated with the feeder
is switched off or isolated from the system, the feeder can still be fed in
this way by transferring to transfer bus. There is a bus coupler circuit
breaker (BCCB) which couples the two buses.
c. Double bus system (Main I and Main II)
When Main bus I is switched off then all the feeders connected with it are
failed to supply power. So all the feeders can be shifted to Main bus II to
uninterrupt the power supply.
EFFECT IN TRANSMISSION LINE
a. Skin effect, b. Corona effect and c. Ferranti effect
a. Skin effect: When ac flows through a conductor it is always associated
with alternating magnetic flux. The linking at the centre portion of a
transformer is always more than that of the surface This results in. high
current density at the surface of a conductor compared to that of the core
of the conductor. This causes power loss in transmission lines.
b. Corona effect: The phenomenon of violet glow and hissing noise and
production of ozone gas in an overhead transmission line is known corona
effect. It also increases energy loss.
c. Ferranti effect: It is an increase in voltage occurring at the long
distance transmission lines. This occurs when the transmission is
energized but it is a very ligh t load or the load is disconnected.
FACTORS EFFECTING
1. Spacing of conductors must be large than that of their diameter.
2. Alternating electrical potential difference must be supplied along the
line.
Transposition
It is done in transmission line to minimize the mismatching of conductors
or to ignore the mismatch of impedance.
Capacitor bank
It is used to compensate reactive power in a transformer. It improves the
power factor a system.
Shunt reactor
It is used to increase the grid stability and to maintain an economically
acceptable level of insulation on network with long transmission between
power plants and consumption area. Specially if these lines are used for
low loaded. Indeed shunt reactor compensate the capacitive load of
energy and give adequate solution.
VIBRATING REED OR DAMPER
It is used in transmission line to minimize the vibration due to natural
fault like short circuit, high current flows through it due
to which there is a vibration or due to atmospheric pressure there is a
vibration. To reduce this effect we use damper to reduce
vibration or vibrating reed.
DC SOURCE IN SUBSTATION
In substation we get AC supply but in the case of a fault in the incoming
supply, then we will not have AC supply to power the protective equipment
and isolation switches. Unlike AC supply DC supply can be stored battery.
The battery’s will provide DC supply to all protective experiment. The
main reason for use of DC is the reliability and back up. Usually in India
we use 110V in substation to control the protective equipment. The DC
source is the HEART of a substation.
TYPES OF DC SUPPLY USED
a) Lead Acid, & b) Dry Cell
GUARD TERMINAL
It is used with the insulator to nullify leakage current.
TRANSFORMER
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy
between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. A
varying current in coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic
field, which in turn induces a voltage in a second coil. Power can be
transferred between the two coils through the magnetic field, without a
metallic connection between the two circuits. Faraday’s law of induction
discovered in 1831 described this effect. Transformers are used to increase
or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power applications.
WHY TRANSFORMER RATED IN KVA, NOT IN KW?
Copper loses (I²R) depends on current which passing through transformer
winding while iron losses or core losses or insulation losses depends on
voltage. i.e total losses depends on voltages(V) and current(I) which
expressed in volt ampere (VA) and not on the load power factor (p.f ). That
’s why the transformer rating may be expressed in VA or KVA, not in W or
KW.
IMPORTANT PARTS OF A TRANSFORMER:
1.BUSHING: They are basically insulator. The wavy shape is to maximize
surface path length and minimize surface leakage, corona discharge and
eventual arcing from exposure to year-round weather conditions, dust, air
pollution etc. There are two side of bushing –one side is LV side (low
voltage) and other is the HV side (high voltage).
2.CONSERVATOR TANK: Conservator tank are used to conserve
transformer oil. It excess oil during the expansion of oil in transformer
during sunny days where as during winters the transformer oil contracts
and in that case the conservator provides the extra oil required to fill
volume of the transformer. Transformer oil is a cooling and insulating
purpose.
3.RADIATOR: Radiator is the part of the transformer which looks like fin
and per form the function of providing extra surface area so that it can be
cooled easily. Depending upon the size transformer the radiator size
varies.
4. FANS: Fans in a transformer are used to provide cooling by air force
5. CORE: The core acts as support to the winding in the transformer. It
also provides a low reluctance path to the flow of magnetic flux. It is made
of laminated soft iron core in order to reduce eddy current loss and
Hysteresis loss. The composition of a transformer core depend son such as
factors voltages, current, and frequency. The diameter of the transformer
core is directly proportional to copper loss and is inversely proportional to
iron loss. If the diameter of the core is decreased, the weight of the steel in
the core is reduced, which leads to less core loss of the transformer and
the copper loss increase. When the diameter of the core is increased, the
vice versa occurs.
6.WINDING: Two sets of winding are made over the transformer core and
are insulated from each other. Winding consists of several turns of copper
conductors bundled together, and connected in series.
7. TAP CHANGER: The output voltage of transformer varies according to
its input voltage and the load. During loaded conditions, the voltages on
the output terminal decreases, where as during off-load conditions the
output voltage increases. In order to balance the voltage variations, tap
changers are used. Tap changers can be either on–load tap changers or off-
load tap changers. In an on-load tap changer, the tapping can be changed
without isolating the transformer from the supply. In an off-load tap
changer, it is done after disconnecting the transformer Automatic tap
changers are also available.
8.BUCCHOLZ RELAY: It operates when bubbles are formed in the oil.
9.BREATHER: It absorbed the moisture of the transformer.
10.EXPLORATION VALVE: It used to out expansion oil from the
transformer.
COOLING OF TRANSFORMER
When a transformer works it produces some heat due to I2R losses in the
winding and copper losses. The removal of heat from the transformer
winding is known as transformer cooling.
METHODS OF TRANSFORMER COOLING
1. Oil natural air natural (ONAN): It is used in (0-60) % load
2. Oil natural air forced (ONAF): It is used in (60-80) % load
3. Oil forced air forced (OFAF): It is used in (80-100) % load
AUTO TRANSFORMER
(There are two 100 MVA auto transformer connected in between 220 KV
and 132 KV).
An auto transformer is an electrical transformer with only one winding. In
an auto transformer, portions of the same winding act as both the primary
and secondary sides of the transformer. In contrast, an ordinary
transformers has separate primary and secondary windings which are not
electrically connected.
RELAY
It is an electrically operated switch. It is a sensing device. It is designed to
trip a circuit breaker when a fault is detected.
Types of relay
1. Electromechanical relay, 2. Static relay, 3. Numerical relay
NUMERICAL RELAY
It is the latest version of relay. It is fully based on microprocessor. It is the
most commonly used relay in power system.
Advantages of numerical relay
1. It is reliable.
2. It can store historical data
3. It is a low burden instrument
4. Self checking facility
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
1. Primary protection or differential protection
2. Secondary protection or inherent protection
1. PRIMARY PROTECTION
Differential protection
It is the internal protection of a transformer. It differences the current
from primary CT to secondary CT. It is the major protection of
transformer.
a. Buchholz relay: It is placed between conservator tank and main tank
at an inclined at an angle of 30. Its function is to indicate the presence of
gas in case of minor fault and take the transformer out of the circuit in
case of serious fault.
b. Winding temperature indicator: This device mainly measures the
HV and LV winding temperature. It is used for protection of transformer.
c. Oil temperature indicator: It measures the top oil temperature. An
oil temperature indicator is used for protection of transformer.
d. Oil surge relay: It measures any surge produced in transformer oil
then it gives the signal to relay panel for tripping of transformer.
e. Pressure valve relay: This device is capable of detecting a rapid rise in
pressure of a transformer, rather than absolute pressure.
2.SECONDARY PROTECTION
a. Over current relay: It is used to protect the transformer against over
current. There is only one current operated element in the relay.
b. Earth fault protection: If there is an earth fault between the CTs then
some current will bypass through the CTs. By measuring this current
imbalance faults between the CTs can be easily identified and quickly
cleared. Restricted earth fault protection can be achieved by using
restricted earth fault relay.
c. Oil temperature indicator: It measures the top oil temperature. An
oil temperature indicator is used for protection of transformer.
d. Oil surge relay: It measures any surge produced in transformer oil
then it gives the signal to relay panel for tripping of transformer.
e. Pressure valve relay: This device is capable of detecting a rapid rise in
pressure of a transformer, rather than absolute pressure.
2.SECONDARY PROTECTION
a. Over current relay: It is used to protect the transformer against over
current. There is only one current operated element in the relay.
b. Earth fault protection: If there is an earth fault between the CTs then
some current will bypass through the CTs. By measuring this current
imbalance faults between the CTs can be easily identified and quickly
cleared. Restricted earth fault protection can be achieved by using
restricted earth fault relay.
THERMOVISSION
It is very expensive electrical equipment. It cost is near about 8 lakh. It is
used to measure the temperature of the tower of the grid or substation.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
It consist of two inductive coils which are electrically
separated but magnetically linked .The two coils process high
mutual inductance .If one coil is connected to a source of
alternating voltage and alternating flux is set up in the
laminated core, most of which is linked with the other coil in
which it produce mutually induced e.m.f. according to
Faraday’s laws. If the second coil ckt is closed a current flows
in it and electric energy is transferred from the first coil to
second coil. The first coil, in which electric energy is fed from
the ac supply mains , is called the primary winding and the
other from which energy is drawn out ,is called secondary
winding.
CONCLUSION
I have completed 15 days at Mariani Grid Substation as a
trainee. In these period I learned lots of practical knowledge
about electrical transmission in supports of their employee. I
think it will help in my future at any electrical field. At last I
want to give thanks to our department and also the staff of
Mariani Grid Substation to give us the opportunity and
knowledge.
PROJECT NO. 2
LOAD SURVEY
LOAD SURVEY
Load survey is the process of inspecting, surveying and analysis of
energy consumption of electrical equipments in an area or locality,
domestic or industrial sector. Load survey is an essential procedure to
be fulfilled in electrical engineering field The demand for electrical
energy has increased exponentially over the last decades. The purpose
of load survey is to find out real time analysis of every electrical
equipment ’s power consumption and how efficiency of electrical
appliances can be improved.
ELECTRICAL LOAD
Electrical Load : The device which takes electrical energy is known as
the electrical load. In other words, the electrical load is a device that
consumes electrical energy in the form of the current and transforms
it into other forms like heat, ligh t, work, etc. The electrical load may
be resistive, inductive, capacitive or some combination between them.
TYPES OF LOADS
Resistive load: The resistive load obstructs the flow of electrical energy
in the circuit and converts it into thermal energy, due to which the
energy dropout occurs in the circui t. The lamp and the heater are the
examples of the resistive load. The resistive loads take power in such a
way so that the current and the voltage wave remain in the same phase.
Thus the power factor of the resistive load remains in unity.
Inductive load: The inductive loads use the magnetic field for doing the
work. The transformers, generators, motor are the examples of the load.
The inductive load has a coil which stores magnetic energy when the
current pass through it. The current wave of the inductive load is lagging
behind the voltage wave, and the power factor of the inductive load is
also lagging.
Capacitive load: In the capacitive load, the voltage wave is leading the
current wave. The examples of capacitive loads are capacitor bank, three
phase induction motor star ting circuit, etc. The power factor of such
type of loads is leading.
Types of loads on the power system are:
Domestic load: Domestic load consist of lights, fans, refrigerators,
heaters, television, small motors for pumping water etc. Most of the
residential load occurs only for some hours during the day (i.e., 24
hours) e.g., lighting load occurs during night time and domestic
appliance load occurs only for a few hours. For this reason, the load
factor is low (10% to 12% ).
Commercial load: Commercial load consists of lighting for shops, fans
and electric appliances used in restaurants etc. This class of load occurs
for more hours during the day as compared to the domestic load. The
commercial load has seasonal variations due to the extensive use of air
conditioners and space heaters.
Industrial load: Industrial load consists of load demand by industries.
The magnitude of industrial load depends upon the type of industry.
Thus small scale industry requires load upto 25 kw, medium scale
industry between 25 kw and 100 kw and large scale industry requires
load above 500 kw. Industrial loads are generally not weather dependent.
Municipal load: Municipal load consists of street lighting, power
required for water supply and drainage purposes. Street lighting load is
practically constant throughout the hours of the night. For water
supply, water is pumped to overhead tanks by pumps driven by electric
motors. Pumping is carried out by during the off peak period, usually
occurring during the night. This helps to improve the load factor of the
power system.
Irrigation load: This type of load is the electric power needed for
pumps driven by motors to supply water to fields. Generally this type of
load is supplied for 12 hours during night.
Traction load: This type of load includes tram cars, trolley buses,
railways etc. This class of load has wide variation. During the morning
hour, it reaches peak value because people have to go to their work place.
After morning hours, the load star ts decreasing and again rises during
evening since the people star t coming to their homes.
ABOUT LOAD SURVEY
Load survey proposes a proper rate making strategy for a public owned
utility by taking into account the customer load characteristics. The load
survey system has been well designed by sampling theory to find the
customers for power consumption information collection. By
this manner, the typical load patterns derived can effectively represent the
load behaviour of each customer class. The load patterns of each test
customer during different seasons are solved by statistical analysis according
to the load information collected. The seasonal typical load pattern of each
customer class is then determined by integrating the load patterns of the
same type customers. The power consumption of the customer class is then
estimated by the typical class load pattern and the energy consumption of
all customers in the same class, which can be retrieved from the customer
information database. The typical load pattern of whole power system is
then determined by aggregating the power consumption of all customer
classes. The estimated system load consumption is then compared to the
actual system load profile, it is found that a rather accurate system load
profile can be predicted by the load survey system.
A new load survey method, which combines load screening on all
substations with detailed investigation of typical substations, for synthesis
load modelling (SLM) is presented. Firstly, the main process of load survey
is described; then the classification indices based on load characteristics and
the principle of load classification are expounded in detail, on this basis the
census table of load characteristics is drawn up and both sources of survey
data and objects to be surveyed are decided; and then, the statistical analysis
on load characteristic data from general survey is per formed and by use of
the results of survey and statistics the 220kV substations, i.e., the load
nodes, are classified. Taking the regionalists of substation locations into
account, the principles to select typical substations, in which the load
constituents and types are considered, is proposed, and according to the
proposed principle typical substations for each kinds of loads are chosen,
and the detailed census forms for these typical loads are designed. Using the
proposed method, the survey with higher accuracy can be achieved under
relatively low survey complexity.
In this project report, a kind of household load survey is done. The electrical
appliances present in a house are considered for the survey. Commonly used
electrical appliances are given below:
Serial No. Electrical Appliances Quantity Power, P
1 Celling Fan 6 75W×6=450W
2 LED Bulb 7 20W×7=140W
3 Mixer grinder 1 750W×1=750W
4 Iron press 1 1000W×1=1000W
5 Refrigerator 1 150W×1=150W
6 Washing Machine 1 400W×1=400W
7 Air conditioner 1 2000W×1=2000W
8 Microwave Oven 1 1200W×1=1200W
9 Aquaguard 1 75W×1=75W
10 LED T.V. 1 60W×1=60W
11 Tube light 6 20W×6=120W
12 Plug Socket 5 300W×5=1500W
13 Laptop 2 50W×2=100W
14 Space Heater 1 4500W×1=4500W
In this project report, a kind of household load survey is done. The electrical
appliances present in a house are considered for the survey. Commonly used
electrical appliances are given below:
For transformer safety, we take 15% to 20% as safety factor . We take 20% as
safety factor -
CONCLUSION
The load survey has both commercial and technical
implications and if not done properly, it may lead to bad
planning and inefficient operation of the electrical power
systems.
The accuracy of the load survey is important to both the utility
companies as well as the consumers. For this reason it may be
necessary to keep on adjusting based on seasons and other
factors that may affect the way consumers use the power. In
addition, the forecast should rely on accu rate data and best for
survey practices.
Thank You
