CSE 6007 Mobile Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

Unit II Topic 8-15 Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Kalasalingam University
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 Outline
Introduction
Topic 8 : Issues in Designing A Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc

Wireless Networks
Topic 9 : Classification of Routing Protocols
Topic 10 : Table Driven Routing Protocols
 Topic 11 : On-Demand Routing Protocols
Topic 12 : Hybrid Routing Protocols
Topic 13 : Routing Protocols with Efficient Flooding Mechnisms
Topic 14 : Hierarchical Routing Protocol
Topic 15 : Power Aware Routing Protocol
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The main routing
problems for MANETs 8
10
9

7
4

Node mobility 

2
Routing path broken
frequently
3

1
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Traditional ad-hoc routing protocols
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Table-driven routing protocol – DSDV (cont.)
Example: Routing table for Node 1
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Dest NextNode Dist seqNo
14
2 2 1 22
13 3 2 2 26
11 4 5 2 32
12
5 5 1 134
6 6 1 144
10 9
8 7 2 3 162
8 5 3 170
9 2 4 186
6
10 6 2 142
4
5
7 11 6 3 176
12 5 3 190
13 5 4 198
3 14 6 3 214
1
2 15 5 4 256
Table-driven routing protocol – DSDV (cont.)

Routing table for Node 1

15 Dest NextNode Dist seqNo
2 2 1 22
14
13
3 2 2 26
11 4 5 2 32
12
5 5 1 134
6 6 1 144
10
7 2 3 162
8 9
8 5 3 170
9 2 4 186
6
10 6 2 142
4 7
11 5 4 180
5
12 5 3 190
13 5 4 198
3 14 6 3 214
1
2 15 5 4 256
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Route Discovery in DSR
Y

Z
S E
F
B
C M L
J
A G
H D
K
I N

Represents a node that has received RREQ for D from S

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Route Discovery in DSR
Y
Broadcast
[S] Z
S E
F
B
C M L
J
A G
H D
K
I N

Represents transmission of RREQ

[X,Y] Represents route record stored in RREQ 43

Route Discovery in DSR
Y

Z
S [S,E]
E
[S,B] F
B
C M L
J
A [S,C] G
H D
K
I N

• Node H receives packet RREQ from two neighbors:

potential for collision
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Route Discovery in DSR
Y

Z
S E
F [S,E,F]
B
[S,B,A] C M L
J
A [S,B,H] G
H D
[S,C,G] K
I N

• C receives RREQ from G and H, but does not forward

it again, because C has already forwarded RREQ once
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Route Discovery in DSR
Y

Z
S E
F [S,E,F,J]
B
C M L
J
A G
H [S,B,H,I] D
K
I [S,C,G,K] N

J and K both broadcast RREQ to D

Their transmissions may collide at D
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Route Discovery in DSR
Y

Z
S E
[S,E,F,J,M]
F
B
C M L
J
A G
H D
K
I N

D does not forward RREQ, because D is the intended target

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Route Reply in DSR
Y

Z
S RREP [S,E,F,J,D]
E
F
B
C M L
J
A G
H D
K
I N

Represents RREP control message

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 An Example of Route Maintenance
Y
Route Error Packet : RERR
RERR [J-D] Z
S E
F
B
C M L
J
A G
H D
K
I N

J sends a route error to S along route J-F-E-S when it finds link [J-D] broken

Nodes hearing RERR update their route cache to remove all invalid routes
related with link J-D
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 Use of Route Caching
Can Speed up Route Discovery
[S,E,F,J,D]
[E,F,J,D]
S E [F,J,D],[F,E,S]
F [J,F,E,S]
B
C [G,C,S] M L
J
A [C,S] G
H D
[K,G,C,S] K
I RREP N
RREQ
Z

When node Z sends a route request for node C, node K sends back a
route
reply [Z,K,G,C] to node Z using a locally cached route
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 Use of Route Caching
Can Reduce Propagation of Route Requests
[S,E,F,J,D]
[E,F,J,D]
S E [F,J,D],[F,E,S]
F [J,F,E,S]
B
C [G,C,S] M L
J
A [C,S] G
[D,K,G,,C]
H D
[K,G,C,S] K
I RREP N
RREQ
Z

Route Replies (RREP) from node K and D limit flooding of RREQ.

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Route Requests in AODV
Y

Z
S
E
F
B
C M L
J
A G
H D
K
I N

Represents a node that has received RREQ for D from S

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 Route Requests in AODV
Y
Broadcast transmission

Z
S E
F
B
C M L
J
A G
H D
K
I N

Represents transmission of RREQ

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Route Requests in AODV
Y

Z
S E
F
B
C M L
J
A G
H D
K
I N

Represents links on Reverse Path

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 Reverse Path Setup in AODV
Y

Z
S E
F
B
C M L
J
A G
H D
K
I N

• Node C receives RREQ from G and H, but does not forward

it again, because node C has already forwarded RREQ once
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Reverse Path Setup in AODV
Y

Z
S E
F
B
C M L
J
A G
H D
K
I N

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Reverse Path Setup in AODV
Y

Z
S E
F
B
C M L
J
A G
H D
K
I N

• Node D does not forward RREQ, because node D

is the intended target of the RREQ
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Forward Path Setup in AODV
Y

Z
S E
F
B
C M L
J
A G
H D
K
I N

Forward links are setup when RREP travels along

the reverse path

Represents a link on the forward path 63

 Route Maintenance
3´
RERR RERR 3
1 2 D
S
The link from node 3 to D is broken as 3 has moved
away to a position 3´.

Node 2 sends a RERR message to 1 and 1 sends the

message in turn to S.
S initiates a route discovery if it still needs the route
to D.
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