Session – 1
COURSE HAND OUT EXPLANATION
&
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Session Outcomes
•Student will learn the COs, syllabus and evaluation plan of
the course.
•Student will understand the importance of AI.
What is AI?
•The following slide shows eight definitions of AI, laid
out along two dimensions.
• The definitions on top are concerned with thought
processes and reasoning, whereas the ones on the bottom
address behavior.
• The definitions on the left measure success in terms of
fidelity to human performance whereas the ones on the
right measure against an ideal performance measure,
called rationality.
Artificial Intelligence
Thinking Humanly Thinking Rationally
“The exciting new effort to make “The study of mental faculties through the
computers use of computational models.”
think . . . machines with minds, in the (Charniak and McDermott, 1985)
full and literal sense.” (Haugeland, 1985)
“The study of the computations that make
“[The automation of] activities that we it possible to perceive, reason, and act.”
associate with human thinking, activities (Winston, 1992)
such as decision-making, problem solving,
learning . . .” (Bellman, 1978)
Acting Humanly Acting Rationally
“The art of creating machines that perform
functions that require intelligence “Computational Intelligence is the study
when performed by people.” (Kurzweil, of the design of intelligent agents.” (Poole
1990) et al., 1998)
“The study of how to make computers do
things at which, at the moment, people are “AI . . . is concerned with intelligent
better.” (Rich and Knight, 1991) behavior
in artifacts.” (Nilsson, 1998)
Applications of AI
Mundane Tasks
Perception
Vision
Speech
Natural language
Understanding
Generation
Translation
Commonsense reasoning
Robot control
Formal Tasks
Games
Chess
Backgammon
Checkers – Go
Mathematics
Geometry
Logic
Integral Calculus
Proving properties of programs
Expert Systems
Engineering
Design
Fault finding
Manufacturing planning
Scientific analysis
Medical diagnosis
Financial analysis
Applications of AI (continued..):
Artificial Neural Networks: Neural Networks (NN), also known
as artificial neural networks (ANN), are computational models,
essentially algorithms. Neural networks have a unique ability to
extract meaning from imprecise or complex data to find patterns
and detect trends that are too convoluted for the human brain or for
other computer techniques.
• Natural Language Processing :
Automated grammar correction, Translation from one
language to another language
• Engineering Applications:
flight control, chemical engineering, power plants,
automotive control, medical systems.
• Business applications:
fund analytics, marketing segmentation, and fraud detection,
medical systems
Fuzzy Systems:
The term Fuzzy means something that is a bit vague. An algorithm
based on Fuzzy Logic takes all available data while solving a
problem. It then takes the best possible decision according to the
given input.
• Medicine:
Controlling arterial pressure when providing anesthesia to
patients
• Transportation systems:
Handling underground train operations
• Defense:
Locating and recognizing targets underwater
• Industry:
Controlling water purification plants
• Naval control:
Autonomous underwater vehicles are controlled using Fuzzy
Logic
• Modern washing systems powered by Fuzzy Logic
Expert Systems:
Expert System is an interactive and reliable computer-based
decision-making system which uses both facts and heuristics to
solve complex decision-making problems.
MYCIN: It was based on backward chaining and could identify
various bacteria that could cause acute infections. It could also
recommend drugs based on the patient's weight.
DENDRAL: Expert system used for chemical analysis to predict
molecular structure.
PXDES: Expert system used to predict the degree and type of lung
cancer.
CaDet: Expert system that could identify cancer at early stages.
Self study:
• The birth of artificial intelligence
• Further Applications of AI
• Sources:
https://www.guru99.com/expert-systems-with-applications.
html#2
https://www.upgrad.com/blog/fuzzy-login-in-artificial-intelli
gence/#:~:text=Although%20Fuzzy%20Logic%20in%20artifici
al,enhancing%20the%20execution%20of%20algorithms.
https://www.smartsheet.com/neural-network-applications
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fP5zFpsThqk
https://youtu.be/4jmsHaJ7xEA
End of Session
