THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION –PRINCIPLE-
PROCESSES
SUB TOPICS
Present situation
Traditional wood stoves
Need of Improved wood stoves
Improved Stoves
Contd..
Stove Components
Design principles for efficient stoves
Designs
Testing Efficiency
Applications
PRESENT SITUATION
Wood as an important energy source
Wood energy declining - rapid depletion of
natural forest resources
Main uses for cooking
Traditional wood stoves
Three stones fire
Why Popularly adopted?
-Feeding and combustion control easy
-Any size pot can use
-No special skill required
-Control of insects
Contd….
Drawbacks
-Low efficiency (8-10%)
-Smoke formation
-Use of fuel wood inefficiently
NEED FOR IMPROVED WOOD STOVES
Smoke and soot production
For saving wood fuel
Women labour time
To reduce lung and eye diseases
IMPROVED STOVES
Smoke production
Fuel utilization
Heat transfer
Heat losses
Efficiency(20-35%)
STOVE COMPONENTS
1) Fire Box
-Enclosed space
-Energy released here
-Importance
2) Air Inlet
-Air induced
-In the efficient stoves
Contd…
3) Grate
-Frame of metal bars
-Increases efficiency
-If grate is used
4) Baffles
-Projection
-Use
-Placed at exit of combustion chamber
Contd…
5) Dampers
-Movable plate
-Material
6) Chimney
-Pipe
-Helps in
-Material
Contd…
7) Cowl
-Metal cap
-Increases draft
8) Tunnel
-In multipot closed chulha
DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR EFFICIENT
STOVES
Insulate the combustion chamber
Use an insulated, upright chimney
Heat only the fuel that is burning
Maintain a good air velocity through the
fuel
Contd..
Minimum excess of air
Distribute airflow around the fuel surfaces
Air should largely flow through the
glowing coals
Any place where hot gases flow, insulate
SINGLE POT TNAU CHULHA
Double wall
Grate
Legs
Secondary air openings
Inner wall holes
Mounds
Fire mouth
TNAU SINGLE POT IMPROVED CHULHA
Contd…
Cost-100/-
Efficiency-24%
TNAU DOUBLE POT CHIMNEYLESS CHULHA
Double wall
Tunnel
Secondary air inlets
Grate
Legs(6)
Inner wall holes
Mounds
TNAU DOUBLE POT IMPROVED CHULHA
TNAU DOUBLE POT CHIMNEYLESS CHULHA
Double wall
Tunnel
Secondary air inlets
Grate
Legs(6)
Inner wall holes
Mounds
Contd..
Contd…
Cost-200/-
Efficiency-26%
UDAIRAJ CHULHA
Material
Chimney
Fire box
Firebox opening
Connecting tunnel
Contd…
Contd…
Cost-300/-
Efficiency-25.5%
Suggestions
i) Soot removal hole
ii) Provide grate
iii) Optimize air opening
DOUBLE POT
CHULHA WITH
CHIMNEY
NOON MEAL
CHULHA
WITH
CHIMNEY
CPRI Design chulha
Material
Non-chimney
Availability in sizes
Portable
Contd…
Contd..
Cost- 175/-
Efficiency-26%
Suggestions
i) Adjustable air opening
ii) Provide tray like structure
ii) Insulation
CHETAK STOVE
Material
Fire box
Chimney
Fire box opening
Contd…
Contd..
Cost- 176/-
Efficiency-21.3%
Suggestions
i) Grate
ii) Optimizing the air opening
iii) Reduce cost
Rohini cook stove
Damper less
3 pots
Small bridge
Chimney
Design for burning rate 1 kg/h
Contd….
Contd..
Cost- 60/-
Efficiency- 24%
Suggestions
i) Increase design criteria
ii) Modify L-shape
iii) Modify tunnel dimensions
EVALUATION OF THERMAL
EFFICIENCY
1) Water Boiling Test
-For determining thermal efficiency of
wood stove
-Multi-model approach of govt.
-Uniform testing
i) Installation of chulha
-Site
-Chimney
-Fuel opening
Contd…
ii) Vessel
-Flat bottom cylindrical
-lids
-Clean and dried
iii) Procedure
Contd…
iv) Calculations
H1 = w1i(t2-t1) + w2i(t3-t1)
H2 = (w1i - w1f)L + (w2i - w2f)L
H1+H2
η = -----------
mF x C.V.
mF x C.V. x η
Power Rating = -----------------------
860
Contd…
2) Control Cooking Test
-To assess the performance of the
improved stove
-Standard cooking task
i) Fuel
-A homogeneous mix
-Divided into pre-weighed bundles
Contd…
iii) Food and water
-sufficient
-homogenous
iv) Cooking pot (s)
-most appropriate pots
-record the specifications
v) CCT testing procedure
Contd…
vi) Calculations
a) Total weight of food cooked (Wf)
b) Weight of char remaining (Dcc)
Contd…
c) Equivalent dry wood consumed (fd)
d) Specific fuel consumption (SC)
e) Total cooking time (Dt)
APPLICATIONS
1) In Girls’ Hostel
Contd..
Size of Stove
(5 × 3 × 2,5) feet
Stove Materials
Fuel Consumption
Stove Durability
Approximately 6 years.
TNAU BIOMASS GAS STOVE
Principle – updraft
gasification
Woodchips,
Agricultural
Residues, Dry
Leaves, Barks
Cylindrical – clay
and rise husk
Iron Gate – 50mm
BIOMASS GAS STOVE- UPDRAFT
GASIFICATION PRINCIPLE
BIOMASS GAS STOVE - WORKING
CONDITION
BIOMASS GAS
STOVE – used for
cooking
BIOMASS GAS STOVE
- WORKING CONDITION
PREFORMANC DETAILS OF BIOMASS GAS STOVE
Working Principle : Updraft Gasification
Feedstock : Wood chips, agricultural
residues, such as coconut shell,
groundnut shell, arecanut husk etc.
Thermal : 24-28 %
Flame Temp : 600-700 0C
Heat Output : 4.4 kW
Heat release rate : 63 kcal/min
Emissions -
CO : 500 ppm
TSP : 0.10 mg/m3
Sp. fuel consumption : 0.27 kg/h
of processed food
Saving in fuel : 15-18 % over
conventional stove
Cost : Rs. 300
Applications : Small scale thermal applications in farms, households,
Tea shops, Turmeric boiling, Paddy Parboiling, etc.
BIOMASS GAS STOVE – CHARACTERISTICS
BIOMASS GAS STOVE AT USER’S SITE AT OOTY
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF WOOD BURNING STOVES
Details Conven- Single Pot Double Pot Biomass Gas
tional Chulha Chulha Stove
Working Principle Direct Direct Direct Updraft
combustion combustion combustion Gasification
Thermal , % 10-12 19-24 24-26 24-28
Flame Temp, 0C 400-500 400-500 400-500 600-700
Heat Output, kW 0.7 1.2 1.8 4.4
Heat Rate, kcal/min 10 16 22 63
Emission CO-ppm 3500 2000 1500 500
level TSP- mg/m3 0.69 0.20 0.20 0.10
Cost - Rupees 55 75 150 300
Sp. fuel consumptn. 0.36 0.30 0.30 0.27
Saving in fuel, % -- 9-11 10-13 15-18
Application Household Household Household Hse, Farms, Tea
heating heating heating shops, Turmeric
boiling, Paddy
Parboiling
CONCLUSION
We can use the Improved Wood stove designs
to reduce the concentration of smoke and
indoor air pollution,we can save the time and
money, to increase efficiency of wood stove.
REFERENCES
“ANTIKA” a publication on Improved chulha,
Department of Non-Conventional energy
sources, Ministry of Energy, Government of
India, Delhi (1988).
Durable Improved Cook Stoves, summary report
on All India co-ordinated Research Project on
Renewable Sources of energy ,Bhopal
(2003).
Improved Biomass Chulhas Training Manual,
Technical Backup Unit Under National
Program on Improved Chulhas, Department Of
Bioenergy, TNAU, Coimbatore,(1998).
Contd…
National Demonstration Workshop On Improved
Biomass Stoves, Summary report, Agency For
No conventional Energy and Rural
Technology,Kerala,(2007).
Department Of Bioenergy, Catalog on Renewable
Energy Gadgets,Colledge Of Agricultural
Engineering, TNAU, Coimbatore.
Rob Bailis, Controlled Cooking Test (CCT), for the
Household Energy and Health Programme, Shell
Foundation.
