Interior wall finishes

a building construction report

 TYPES OF FINISHES
 Wall Paneling/ Cladding
 Wall Paper
 Wall Painting

Paneling

Vacuum Structural Wood, Gypsum Metal, Stone,

EPS, PVC Fabric, Tile
insulated insulated Glass board Acrylic Corian

Painting

Lime wash Elastometric Textured Emulsion

Cement paint Gloss paints
paints paints paints
 PVC PANELLING
• Polyvinyl chloride or 'PVC' is a modern synthetic material and an important member of the
extensive polymers 'family'. Nowadays its used in almost every industry , one way or the other.
In construction industry it is used for wall cladding, partitions etc.
• CHARACTERISTICS
• No splitting, cracking, warping or rotting
• No painting or varnishing
• Ease of fabrication and installation
• Time and labour saving
• Consistency in quality
• High durability
• Wide colour and design ranges
• Reusability

• PVC Paneling used in:

• Pvc panels are excellent for use in homes, offices, shops or factories
• To damp or damaged walls by fitting 38mmx 19mm battens horizontally at 600mm centers with
screws into wall plugs and, if required, a breather membrane.
• To a wall or ceiling with a clean flat surface using adhesive (no battening required).
• To a wall or ceiling with ceramic tiles, using a moisture cure or solvent free adhesive (tiles do
not have to be removed).

Fixing:
Fixing:
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 SIZES OF FRAMEWORK AND
PVC PANELLING
Material Length/Width Prices

Mild Steel (Sq Section) 6000/25 Rs 9/t

6000/20 Rs 7/t

U section (25x12.5mm) 3000 Rs 25/t

L section ((25x12.5mm) 3000 Rs 25/t

Panels
THICKNESS COST OF A COST OF PANELLING(Rs.sq.ft.)
PANEL(Rs.sq.ft)

6 mm 25 30

8 mm 30 30

10 mm 35 30

Side strip

SIZE RATE  PVC cladding is available in many

popular widths including 10 cm( 3.94"),
19 mm x 19 mm 3 Rs./ft.
16.7 cm(6.6"), 25 cm( 9.84"), 33
cm(13"), 37.5 cm (14.75 ") and 40.7
cm(16"). Many lengths are available
38 mm x 38 mm 7 Rs./ft. ranging from 2.40 Meters (7 ‘ 10.5") up
to 6.0 meters( 19’ 8"), the most common
sizes of which 2.40, 2.44(8’), 2.70 and
6.0 meters.
 WOODEN PANELING

 INSTALLATION OF VERTICAL PANELS

 Ready to install once all underlying studding, drywall, and taping compounds are thoroughly dried.

 Use a continuous vapour (plastic or foil) between panel and existing wall when applying to the inside
of any unfinished exterior wall or masonry/concrete wall.

 Acclimatize panels by placing individual panels upright, with panel backs facing out, around room to
be paneled, 48-72 hours prior to installation.

 Leave space of 1/16" between panels and at corners, doors, windows, moldings, etc. Cut panels 1/2"
shorter than height to allow 1/4" gaps at top and bottom.
 Panels can be applied directly to studs (16" centers or less). If studs are further apart, install panels
panels over solid backing such as drywall or plywood, using panel adhesive and nails.
 HORIZONTAL PANELS
 Horizontal panelling may be fixed with nails and/or stud adhesive directly to the
common wall studs while, vertical panelling will need added horizontal support, in the
form of nogging (blocking) between the studs or full battens over the face of the wall.
The smoothness of the finished panelling will depend largely on the straightness and
spacing of the supporting Embers. Table below provides a guide to maximum support
spacings.
 SIZES AVAILABLE
PLYWOOD
Standard Thickness (in mm) Standard Size (in cm)

3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 16, 19 and 2 214 x 122 244 x 122

184 x 122 154 x 122
244 x 92 214 x 92
184 x 92 154 x 92
BLOCK BOARD
Standard Thickness (in mm)
Standard Size (in cm) 15/16, 18/19, 24/25, 30, 32, 38 and 40
244 x 122 244 x 92
214 x 122 214 x 92 FIBRE BOARD
184 x 122 184 x 92
154 x 122 154 x 92 SIZES AVAILABLE 8’ X 4’ , 7’ X 4’ , 6’ X 4’ , 7’
X 3’ , 6’ X 3’

PARTICLE BOARD WOOD WOOL CEMENT BOARD

They available in boards of sizes 8’ X Available in boards of sizes 4’ X

4’ and of thickness 8,12 and 18 mm 2’ and 18 and 25 mm thick

Finishes On Block Board

-Laminate
- Wood Veneer With Polish
- Paints
- Polish

The most usual applied

internal finishes are
•Spray painting with water,
emulsion or flat paint
•Plaster rendering
 FABRIC PANELING
 TYPES OF FABRICS
 HEMP
 RAMIE
 JUTE
 LINEN
 NYLON
 POLYESTER
 RAYON
 SPANDEX
 USE OF FABRIC FOR ACOUSTIC PROBLEMS
These acoustic panels are used to reduce reverberation noise levels in buildings such as lecture theatres,
music rooms, offices, boardrooms,
 sports and community halls, classrooms,cinemas,interview rooms and
 many other applications.

MANUFACTURE
These acoustic panels are made from resin bonded fiberglass specifically tooled and pressed for
maximum sound absorption. The panels are fabric finished hence forming an acoustic panel which is
decorative, durable and resistant to mild impacts.

FIRE SAFETY
The acoustic glass fibre core is rated as Class0 to BS476. Standard fabrics comply with Part7 (class1) to
BS476.

 WEIGHT
The panels weigh approximately 3Kg/m². The Upvc trims weigh approx. 1Kg/length.

CUTTING
The panels can be cut with a sharp knife.

FABRIC MAINTENANCE
Fabric coverings can be wiped clean with a damp cloth and vacuumed or brushed periodically
 Fiberglass Absorption Panels
- These sound absorption panels are an efficient, durable, cost effective solution for reducing
excessive reverberation in large spaces. They consist of an acoustic fiberglass core with a high
quality fabric covering.

- They are easy to install, lightweight and can be made in a wide

range of custom sizes. Fixing can be with optional impaling clips or
adhesive. Units can also be supplied with a wooden frame surround
for ceiling or wall mounting.

- Units can also be custom made with 'Z' clips for easy ceiling
application and split batons for easy wall mounting which is ideal if
you require them to be removable.

Cara Range DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF FABRIC

Composition:  100% Polyolefin. AVAILABLE
• Weight:  220g/m² +/- 5%
• Width:  170cm +/- 2% usable
• Maintenance:  Wipe clean with a damp cloth
• Flammability:  BS 476 Part7 Class 1,    BS EN
1021 - 1 : 1994 (cigarette)

NOMINAL DIMENSIONS

Panel Sizes: 2700mm x

1200mm
2400mm x
1200mm
2100mm x
1200mm
1800mm x
1200mm
1500mm x
1200mm
1200mm x
1200mm
900mm x 1200mm

Thickness: 25mm

White Upvc fixing

2700mm lengths
trims:
 INSTALLATION
METHOD 1.
For wall mounting a split batten is fixed to the wall. The acoustic panel is offered up to the wall
brackets and simply lowered in place. The split batten on the back of the panels allows easy removal as
well as providing an additional airspace behind the absorber for improved acoustic absorption.

For flush mounting wall panels the metal ‘Z’ clip system can be used if specified in advance.

METHOD 2.

For ceiling mounting the female ‘Z’ clip is fixed to the ceiling. Again the panel is simply lifted up
and dropped down onto the ceiling clip.

METHOD 3.

Metal ‘impaling’ clips are screwed into the wall. Adhesive is applied to the panel and the wall. The
panel is then offered up against the wall spikes and fixed in place. This method does not allow easy
removal of the panels.
 CERAMIC TILE
PANELING
 Ceramic wall tiles are normally porous, which favours their adhesion to walls. On the contrary,
floor tiles have low porosity, with low-medium water absorption, which gives them better
technical characteristics.
 Traditionally, tiles were manufactured following different methods and by means of a practically
manual process. As from the seventies, the process has gradually been automated and methods
have been unified considerably, with dry pressing being the most common and allowing the
product to be manufactured in two different ways

 Wet milling – Spray drying - Pressing - Drying - (Firing) - Glazing - Firing (Variable without
glazing and with or without polishing) (Variable with cogeneration).
 Dry milling - Pressing - (Firing) - Glazing - Firing. Raw materials preparation - Mixing -
Extrusion - (Glazing) - Firing.

FIXTURE
SIZES
Mosaic tile available in size 20x20mm Ceramic tiles available in size
25x25mm, 150x150mm 200x60mm
50x25mm, 150x200mm, 200x70 mm
37.5x35.7mm 200x200mm, 200x75mm
50x50mm 300x300mm

Mosaic glass tiles thickness Ceramic tiles thickness

4mm 8mm
10mm

Rates-rs 12 sq ft to rs 90sq ft (ceramic tiles)

rs 90 sqft forglass (mosaic tiles)

 Today glazed tiles, commonly called ceramic tiles, are infinitely used in a
numerous ways throughout the world, and one doesn’t have to be amongst the wealthy
to own them. 

   In commercial buildings, where both beauty and durability are considerations,

ceramic tiles will be found, particularly in lobby areas and restrooms.  Ceramic Tiles
have come to become a part of life.

 They are also the choice of industry, where walls and floors must resist
chemicals.  Spreading its fame across the galaxy it’s a known fact that even the space
shuttle never leaves earth without its protective jacket of high-tech, heat-resistant
tiles.”


 WALL PAPER
•Wallpaper has always been a quick, colorful way to give a room style and visual interest where
the roll of paper is glued onto the wall using a suitable adhesive.

•SIZE of one roll of wall paper is 53.7cm X 10 m which caters to an area of 53sq m.

•COST of one roll of wall paper ranges from Rs 140 to Rs 500 and if it is imported costs upto Rs 1200

•COMMON PROBLEMS - ripped seams, bubbles, punctures, tears.

•And if these problems are not fixed right away, one might have to replace the entire piece of wall
covering.

REPAIRS FOR WALL PAPER

               
FOR A PEELED SEAM, begin by SMOOTH OUT THE paper using a wooden seam
applying a little seam adhesive to the roller, then wipe off any excess adhesive with a
wallpaper with a narrow artist's paint damp sponge.
brush.                          
                         
                          ACCESS A TRAPPED air bubble in vinyl wall
FOR DOUBLE-CUT patches, use a sharp covering by cutting a tiny, vertical slit with a sharp
razor knife and steel straightedge guide to razor knife.
slice through both layers of the wallpaper.                               
                         
                              
                          USE A GLUE SYRINGE to force seam adhesive
FILL ANY HOLES with spackling compound under the bubble. Then smooth out the repair to
after removing the patch and peeling off the remove excess glue.
damaged wallpaper section.                               
                              
 WALL PAINTS
o Water-based paint dries purely by evaporation, while oil-based
paint has a chemical drying agent added.

o Paints with a water base are not as hard or durable as those WATER
with an oil base although they are improving all the time.
BASED
PAINTS
OIL
o The greatest advantage of water-based paint is that brushes
BASED
and rollers can be washed out in water; no special cleaning
agent is needed.

PAINTS AVAILABLE AT THE MARKET

o LIME WASH
- a traditional way of painting the exterior walls, used in small cities. (Choona)
o CEMENT PAINTS
These are economical, durable and decorative paints made with a base of white Portland cement. A quantity
of aluminum stearate is also added to act as water repellent. They have granules of calcium carbonate CaCO3
having maximum sizes smaller than 100 microns, a vitreous aggregate
AVAILABLE BRANDS: Snowcem, Berger (Wallmasta and Weathercoat), Dicocem, Nerolac Surakhsha
RATES: ranging from 100/- a bag of 25 kgs
to 700/- per bag
LIFE: max. 3-4 years
o LIME WASH
- a traditional way of painting the exterior walls, used in small cities. (Choona)
o CEMENT PAINTS
These are economical, durable and decorative paints made with a base of white Portland cement. A quantity
of aluminum stearate is also added to act as water repellent. They have granules of calcium carbonate CaCO3
having maximum sizes smaller than 100 microns, a vitreous aggregate
AVAILABLE BRANDS: Snowcem, Berger (Wallmasta and Weathercoat), Dicocem, Nerolac Surakhsha
RATES: ranging from 100/- a bag of 25 kgs
to 700/- per bag
LIFE: max. 3-4 years
o TEXTURED PAINTS
These are textured paints which are much more flexible than acrylic emulsions.
AVAILABLE BRANDS: Spectrum, Munroe, Heritage
RATES: ranging from 100/-per SQ. M. TO 3000/- PER DRUM OF 20 LTS.
LIFE: max. 8-10 years
note: all these paints are available in quality 1 and quality 2 grades, as per their chemical composition and life.
 OTHER TYPES OF PAINT
 Primer - These may be oil or water based and are used to seal unpainted surfaces to prevent
covering coats of paint soaking in. The appropriate type of primer should be used for the
surface being painted - wood, metal, plaster or tiles. There are some 'all purpose primers'
available which are designed for two or more of these surfaces. The first coat of paint can
also be used in stead of applying the primer.The primer dries up in about 5-6 hrs.
 BRAND NAMES- ASIAN-APEX, NEROLAC
 RATES- Rs80/lt
 Wall putty -
 It is used to fill up the holes and smoothen the surface on which the
 paint is to be applied.
 BRAND NAMES-BIRLA
 Undercoat - Usually oil-based, undercoat is applied on top of the primer. The undercoat
should be of the correct color to provide the right color base for the finishing coats.
 Distemper is an ancient type of paint made of water, chalk and pigment, bound with either
an animal glue or the adhesive qualities of casein (a resin that comes from solidified milk).
 Distemper is a thin paint that is not durable, but can be made inexpensively and tinted
nearly any color. It is used on interior surfaces or outside in regions that seldom. Soft
distemper has a velvety, matt finish and is used almost exclusively internally due to its water
solubility
 LACQUER - a thermoplastic polymer dissolved in an organic solvent. High molecular
weight polymers are necessary, and since the polymer molecules are dissolved, the amount
of polymer dissolved in the solvent is low. Advantages of acrylic lacquers:
 good for brilliant metallic colors
2. excellent exterior durability
3. gloss retention
4. continued solubility makes repair jobs easier.
 Fire-retardant - These special paints contain an additive to provide a fire-resistant quality,
they do not resist fire completely, but has a greater flame resistance than ordinary paint and
will reduce their spread.

 Bituminous - Although often not considered as a paint, bitumen is used where a water proof
coating is required. Bitumen does not dry in the normal sense used with paint. It can crack if
stressed when frozen and will run (or at least become sticky to the touch) in hot weather.
Thick and usually black, bitumen is for areas where high water resistance is needed and
appearance is not important.
 APPLICATION
 PREPARATION OF NEWLY PLASTERED SURFACE
 Repair surface defects and ensure that the plaster is fully cured.
 Use sand paper to remove all lose sand.
 Scrape off fungus, mould growth and salt deposits.

 PREPARATION OF PREVIOUSLY PLASTERED SURFACE

 Repair surface defects. Remove soft, blistered, loose or flake paint, chalk, dust by sand paper, wire
or coir brush.
 Scrape off thoroughly coatings of lime wash or dry distempers.
 Wash fungus affected area with fungicide.
 Stir and strain paints thoroughly before application. The paint should also be thinned properly (as
per instructions given on paint container) to ensure adequate application viscosity.
 Ensure that the painting area is well-ventilated and free from foreign particles and dust.
 To guarantee a neat edge around window panes, protect the glass with a paint-shield or apply
masking tape before painting. Remove it before the final coat is dry to avoid peeling a layer of paint.
Always allow the paint to overlap slightly on the glass to prevent moisture from seeping into the
joint between putty and glass. When spraying paint, mask other surfaces around the area with sheets
of paper or plastic to protect them.
 Sanding/Surface Preparation: Ensure that the surface is free from dust, grease, dirt.

 First Primer Coat: It is applied to provide adhesion between the paint film and the surface. It
smoothens the surface, makes it less absorbent and increases the spreading capacity of the paint.
Different primers are available for walls, wood, metals, etc.
 Application of Putty: This is done to fill minor cracks and surface imperfections. But major cracks
and dents must be first repaired with a cement-sand mix or Plaster of Paris. Drying time for putty is
5-6 hours.
 The Second Primer Coat: This is applied to sandwich putty between two primer coats, since
painting directly on putty leads to a patchy appearance.