Set

Concepts
Lesson 1
Ms. Shiela Marie G.
Francisco, LPT
 Learning Objectives:
 describes well-defined sets, subsets, universal
sets, and the null set and cardinality of sets.
 illustrates the union and intersection of sets and
the difference of two sets.
 uses Venn Diagrams to represent sets, subsets,
and set operations.
 solves problems involving sets.
Sets and
Elements
 Let’s Explore!
 Which of the following objects does not belong to the group?

 Why do you think that the object is not part of the group? How did you
classify the object?
 Sets and Elements
 A set is a well defined collection of objects
which are called members or elements.
example:
Set A = { Dinnerware set }
Set B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
 Sets and Elements
Well-defined Sets
 A set is well-defined if it is described as unique or a specific
characteristics.
 Sets are conventionally denoted with capital letters and can be
defined in two ways:
1. Roster-Method
by listing each element.
2. Rule Method
- by defining the rules of membership.
 Roster Method
 In this method, each element of set is listed and enclosed in curly braces “{}”.
Examples:
 Set P is a set of integers between 1 and 5.
P = { 2, 3, 4, }
 Set Q is a set of positive even integers less than 10.
Q = { 2, 4, 6, 8 }
 Set R is a set of vowel letters.
R = { a, e, i o, u }
,
 Set S is a set of major subjects in high school.
S = { Math, English, Science, Filipino, Social Studies }
 Rule Method
 This method is also called set builder form.
 In this method, instead of listing down the elements, the rules for
membership are indicated and defined.
 It can be written in the form: x/x is read as “set of all x, such that x is a/an …,”
and enclosed in curly braces “{}”.
Examples:
Set P is a set of integers between 1 and 5.
P = {x/x is an integer between 1 and 5}
 Rule Method
Set Q is a set of positive even integers less than 10.
Q = {x/x is a positive even integer less than 10}
 Set R is a set of vowel letters.
R = {x/x is a vowel letter}

Set S isSa =set{x/x

of major subjects
is a major in high
subject school.
in high school}
 Other Examples:
Definition Roster Method Rule Method
Set A is a set of odd numbers A = {x/x is an odd number
A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} less than 10}
less than 10.
Set B is a set of days in a B = {Tuesday, Thursday} B = {x/x is a day in a week
week that starts with letter T. that starts with letter T}
Set C is a set months that C = {x/x is a month that starts
C = {January, June, July}
start with letter J. with letter J}
Set D is a set of integers D = {x/x is an integer greater
D = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10, . . .}
greater than 5. than 5}
Set E is a set of multiples of 3. E = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, . . .} E = {x/x is a multiple of 3}
 Finite and Infinite Sets
 A set is finite if it has countable elements or it has limits; if it has not, the set is
infinite.
Examples:
a. Set F is a set of stars in the sky.
Answer: Infinite sets; Stars cannot be counted.
b. Set G is a set of integers between 0 and 10
Answer: Finite sets; G = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
c. Set H is a set of whole numbers
Answer: Infinite sets; H = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . .}
 Empty Set or Null Set
  A set without an element is called an empty set or null set and is denoted
by a empty curly brace “{ }” or a null set “”.
Example:
1. Set C is a set of multiples of ten between 1 and 10.
Numbers between 1 to 10: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
• Since there is no multiples of ten between 1 and 10, set C will not
have any element. Therefore,
C={}  C =
or
Empty Set or Null Set
2. Set W is a set of negative integers greater than 0.
• Since every negative integer is less than zero, set W will not have
any element. Therefore,
W = { } or  W =
3. Set R is a set of months that starts with letter B.
• Since there are no months that starts with letter B, set R is an
empty set. Therefore,
R={} or  R =
 Universal Set
 The universal set is a set that contains all objects or elements,
including itself.
 All the sets under consideration can be subset of another set called
universal set. The universal set is denoted by “U”.
Examples:
1. The universal set U = the lowercase letters of the English alphabet.
2. In the study of human population, the universal set consists of all
the people in the world.
 Equal and
Equivalent Sets
 Two sets are equal if they have exactly the same elements.
 Two sets are equivalent if they have the same number of elements or their
members can be placed in one-to-one correspondence with each other.
Example:
1. M = { a, e, i, o, u }

N = { a, e, i, o, u }
 Sets M and N have exactly the same elements. Therefore, Sets M
and N are equal sets.
 Equal and Equivalent Sets
2. A = { 2, 1, 3}

B = { blue, white, red }

 Both Sets A and B have 3 elements. Therefore, Sets A and B are

equivalent sets.
NOTE:All equal sets are equivalent sets but not all equivalent sets
are equal sets.
 Joint and Disjoint Sets
 Sets having common elements are called joint sets.
Let us illustrate using Venn diagram.
A = {1, 2 3,
1 2, 4 5,
3 4, 5 6,}
6 B = {2,
2 4, 6 8,
4 6, 8 10}
10
A B

 Notice that Set A and B overlapped and the region where they overlapped has elements 2, 4, and
6, which are common elements of Set A and Set B. Since the graph coincides, then they are called
joints.
 Joint and Disjoint Sets
 Sets without any common element are called disjoint sets.
Let us illustrate using Venn diagram.
C = {3,
3 6,
6 9,
9 12,
12 15}
15 D = {1,
1 5, 7 11,
5 7, 11 13}
13

C D

 Notice that Set C and D did not overlap because the sets have no elements in common. Since the
graph did not coincide or overlap, then they are called disjoint sets.
 Cardinality of Sets
  The cardinality of sets is a measure of the number of elements of the
given set.
 The cardinality of a set is denited by ‘│ │’; writing the name of the set in
the middle.
Let A be a set:
• If Set A has exactly n elements, then │A│= n.
• If Set A is an empty set, A = , then │A│= 0.
• If Set A is an infinite set, then │A│=
 Cardinality of Sets
Example 1:
E= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15} F= {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
│E│= 8 │F│= 8

Example 2:
G = {7, 14, 21, 28, 35} H = {11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29}
│G│= 5 │H│= 6
 Subsets
 A subset is a set made up of components of another set.
 A proper subset is a subset which is not the same as the original set
itself.
Consider the following symbols and notations that are use for sets:
• ⊂ “is a proper subset of”
• ⊆ “is a subset of”
• ⊃ “is a proper superset of”
• ⊇ “is a superset of”
• ⊄ “is not a subset of
 Subsets
 The symbol ⊆ is used to denote subset and its inverse ⊇ is used to
denote a superset relationship.
Consider the following:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
then,
A ⊆ B and B ⊇ A
 The symbol ⊂ is used to denote a proper subset and its inverse is ⊃ is
used to denote a proper superset relationship.
Consider the following:
A = {1, 2, 3} B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
then,
A ⊂ B B ⊃ A
 Subsets
 The symbol ⊄ means not a not a subset.
Consider the following:
A = {a, b, c} B = {a, b, d, e}
then,
A ⊄ B since c, which is an element of A, is not present in B.

NOTE:
Any set is a subset of itself, but not a proper subset.
The empty set is a proper subset of any non empty set.
 Subsets
Example:
List down all the subsets of the following:
a. K = {a, b, c}
Subsets: {a, b, c} , { } , {a} , {b,} , {c} , {a, b} , {a, c} , {b, c} ,
Number of subsets: 8
b. M = {1, 2, 3, 4,}
Subsets: {1, 2, 3, 4} , { } , {1} , {2} , {3} , {4} , {1, 2} , {1, 3} , {1, 4} ,
{2, 3} , {2, 4} , {3, 4} , {1, 2, 3} , {2, 3, 4} , {1, 3, 4} , {1, 2, 4}
Number of subsets: 16
 Subsets
 Is there a way to know the total number of subsets in a given set?
 
n=
where: e = the number of elements in a given set
Examples:
Set n
K = {a, b, c}   3
2 8
M = {1, 2, 3, 4}  24 16
A set with five elements  25 32
A set with nine elements  29 512
Set Operations
 Union of Sets
  
The union of two or more sets is the combination of all
elements of the given sets.
 The union of sets A and B, denoted by A B, is the set
defined as:
A B = {x │ x A or x B}
 Examples:
Union of Sets
1. A = {1, 2, 3, 4} B = {4, 5}
 A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
2.
H U J H = {a, e, f, j, k}
e a b
J = {a, b, d, f, j, l}
f d
j  H J = {a, b, d, e, f, j, k, l}
k l

NOTE: In listing the union of sets, each element is a member of either

set or both sets and is not repeated in a set.
 Intersection of Sets
  
The intersection of two or more sets is the set of
elements common to the given sets.
 The intersection of set A and B, denoted by A B, is the
set defined as:
A B = {x │ x A or x B}
 Intersection of Sets
Examples:
1. A = {1, 2, 3} B = {1, 2, 4, 5}
 A B = {1, 2}
2.
U
R S
1 3 2
5 6 4
9
7 8

R = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} S = {2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9}
 A B = {3, 6, 9}
 Set Difference
  
The difference of two or more sets is the sets of
elements not present in the second set.
 The difference between set A and B, denoted by A – B,
is the set defined as:
A – B = {x│x A and x ∉ B}
Examples:
Set Difference
1. A = {1, 2, 3} B = {1, 2, 4, 5}
A – B = {3}
2. A = {1, 2, 3} B = {4, 5}
A – B = {1, 2, 3}
Note that in general, A – B   B – A
3. E = {2, 4, 6, 8} F = {1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9}
E – F = {4}
F – E = {1, 5, 9}
 Universal Set and Complement
 The universal set (U) is the set of all elements.
Example: If we are talking about the set of integers,
then the universal set is the set of numbers.
 The complement (‘)of a set is the difference between
the universal set and the given set.
 Universal Set and Complement
Examples:
1. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} U = {all integers from 1 to 10}
A’ = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
2. U = {all letters in the alphabet}
G = {vowels} H = {consonant}
G’ = {consonant} H’ = {vowels}
3. U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
K = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} L = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
K’ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} L’ = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
 Venn
Diagram
 Venn Diagram
 Introduced by John Venn in 1880.
 A Venn diagram is constructed with a group of simple closed
curves (circles) drawn in a plane as a way of illustrating
relationships between different groups of objects.
 The circles are drawn inside a rectangular plane that represents
the universal set.
 Example 1:
 Given the Venn diagram, identify the following:
a. Elements of Set A. AJ A B U
A = {Lisa, Ken, Jim} Lisa Jay
b. Elements of Set B. Jim
Ken Arnold
B = {Jay, Arnold, Jim}
c. Elements of Set A and B.
• The “and” in the statement means intersection.
 A B = {Jim}
d. Elements of the universal set.
U = {AJ, Lisa, Ken, Jim, Jay, Arnold}
 Example 2:
 Use the Venn diagram to answer the following: U
D E
a. What are the members of Set D?
4 1 5
D = {1, 2, 3, 4}
b. What are the members of Set E? 2
7
3
E = {1, 3, 5, 7}
c. What are the members of Set F? 6
F = {2, 3, 6, 7} F
d. What are the common members of Sets D and E?
 D E = {1, 7}
f. What are the members of Set D that are members of Set F?
 D F = {2, 7}
g. What are the members of Sets E or F?
• The “or” in the statement means union.
 E F = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7}
h. What are the members of the intersection of the three sets?
 D E F = {7}
 Example 3:
 Fifty house helpers were asked what detergent soap they prefer in
washing clothes. Here is the summary of their responses:
• 20 like Brand A.
• 24 like Brand B.
• 30 like Brand C.
• 8 like both Brands A and B.
• 11 like both Brands A and C.
• 17 like both Brands B and C.
• 6 like all three.
a. How many like Brand A only? Brand B only? Brand C only?
b. How many do not like any of the three brands?
 • Start with the intersection of the three sets.
A U
• Work on the intersection of the two sets. B
“8 like both Brand A and B” 7 2
Solution: 8_ 6 = 2 5
“11 like both Brands A and C” 6
5 11
Solution: 11 6 = 5
_
“17 like both Brands B and C”
8
Solution: 17_ 6 = 11
6
• Solve for those who like Brand A only, Brand B only, C
and Brand C only.
“20 like Brand A”
Solution: 20 (2+5+6) = 20 13 = 7
_ _
“24 like Brand B”
Solution: 24 (2+6+11) = 24 19 = 5
_ _
“30 like Brand C”
Solution: 30 (5+6+11) = 30 22 = 8
_ _
• Solve for those who like Brand A only, Brand B only, and Brand C only.
Solution: 50 (7 + 2 + 5 + 6 + 11 + 8 + 5) = 50 44 = 6
_ _