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Communications Networks: By:-Deltiin India Tech Private Limited

The document provides an overview of networking concepts including network topologies, link types, standards, and the OSI 7-layer model. It describes circuit switching vs packet switching, with examples of renting a car vs taking a bus. It also outlines the services performed at each layer of the OSI model, from physical transmission of raw bits to reliable data transfer between applications.

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50 views

Communications Networks: By:-Deltiin India Tech Private Limited

The document provides an overview of networking concepts including network topologies, link types, standards, and the OSI 7-layer model. It describes circuit switching vs packet switching, with examples of renting a car vs taking a bus. It also outlines the services performed at each layer of the OSI model, from physical transmission of raw bits to reliable data transfer between applications.

Uploaded by

arunpatokar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 32

Course

on
Internet of Things

Communications Networks

By:-
Deltiin India Tech Private Limited
Nodes and Links
Topology
Topology
Example: Internet
Geographical Extent

WAN (wide area network), 100-1000 km


MAN (metropolitan area network), 10- 100 km
LAN (local area network), 10-1000 m
PAN (personal area network), 1-10 m
What are Links Made From?

Wire, twisted wire


• e.g., telephone, Ethernet ,

Coaxial cable, • e.g., cable TV

Optical fiber
• e.g., backbone of Internet

Wireless: AM, FM, microwave, optical


• e.g., radio, satellite, IR beams
Link Characterization
Rate or speed in bps (bits per second),
kbps, Mbps, Gbps (kilo-, Mega-, Giga-bps).

A single telephone channel without compression uses 64 kbps.

24 telephone channels plus overhead use

24x64+8=1544 kbps or 1.544 Mbps (T1).


T-Carrier Hierarchy
T1 is a high speed digital network using
pulse code modulation (PCM), developed
and implemented by AT&T around 1960.
T1: 1.544 Mbps (24 voice channels)
T1C: 3.152 Mbps (48 voice channels)
T2: 6.312 Mbps (96 voice channels)
T3: 44.736 Mbps (1 video or 672 voice ch.)
T4: 274.176 Mbps (6 video or 4032 voice)
Optical Carrier (OC) Levels

OC-1: 51.84 Mbps (approx 1 video or 750 voice channels)

OC-3: 155.52 Mbps


OC-12: 622.08 Mbps
OC-48: 2488.32 Mbps
OC-192: 10 Gbps
OC-768: 40 Gbps (approx 1000 video ch.)
IEEE 802.x Standards

802.3 CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access with collision


detection) “Ethernet”
802.5 Token ring LANs
802.11 Wireless LANs
802.15 Wireless PANs (personal area networks)
802.16 Wireless stationary point-to multi point LANs/MANs
IEEE 802.x Standards

802.3 CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access with collision


detection) “Ethernet”
802.5 Token ring LANs
802.11 Wireless LANs
802.15 Wireless PANs (personal area networks)
802.16 Wireless stationary point-to multi point LANs/MANs
How to Transport Data

Suppose you have data that needs to be transmitted from user A to user B.

Should you ask the network to set up a dedicated path from user A to user B?

Or should you break up the data into standard size packets and let the network
decide “on the fly” how to best send the packets from user A to user B?
Circuit vs. Packet Switching
The telephone network was optimized for analog voice communication. A direct
path between two parties is established for each conversation session.

Traffic between computers is usually bursty, i.e., short packets of data are
exchanged rapidly, followed by relatively long periods of inactivity.

Because of the relatively long periods of inactivity between transactions or


messages,
it is not economical to set up a dedicated network path between two
computers.

Instead, successive messages between two computers are addressed and sent
individually, not necessarily using the same path. Long messages are broken up
into packets
Circuit Switching example
Suppose you’re on a vacation and rent a car for one week. You will have to pay
the rental fee whether you actually drive the car or have it parked in a parking
lot. But whenever you need to go somewhere, the car is right there and you
can use it immediately. This is the essential idea behind circuit switching.

Packet Switching example

Suppose you go downtown with the bus. You only pay the bus while you ride it.
The fare is cheap because you can share the bus with many other people. But the
bus route is fixed and you may have to change along the way to get to your
destination. In addition, you may have to wait for the next available bus. This is
similar to packet switching in networks.
Circuit Switching example
Suppose you’re on a vacation and rent a car for one week. You will have to pay
the rental fee whether you actually drive the car or have it parked in a parking
lot. But whenever you need to go somewhere, the car is right there and you
can use it immediately. This is the essential idea behind circuit switching.

Telephone network: Fixed path


between two users is established at
beginning of telephone call.
Packet Switching example

Suppose you go downtown with the bus. You only pay the bus while you ride it.
The fare is cheap because you can share the bus with many other people. But the
bus route is fixed and you may have to change along the way to get to your
destination. In addition, you may have to wait for the next available bus. This is
similar to packet switching in networks.

Internet: Messages are broken into


packets which travel individually over
dynamically assigned paths.
Layered Network Architecture

Data networks are rather complex to design and implement. To make the complexity
manageable, most networks use a layered architecture.
Each layer has specific, well defined tasks. Layers at the same level in different computers
are referred to as peers.

Layers: Example

You are the president of company B in Boulder and want to offer the services of your company
to your peer, the president of company Y in New York.

You write a letter, starting with “Dear Bob, may I …”, and ending with “Sincerely yours, Jim”. The
phrases “Dear Bob” and “Sincerely yours” are part of the peer-to-peer protocol when writing
letters.
Protocols
The rules and conventions used in the peer-to-peer communications at a given layer are collectively
called a protocol.

Protocols used on the Internet are TCP, IP, and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).

A list of protocols that is used at each layer in a certain network architecture is called a protocol
stack

The OSI 7 Layer Model

In an attempt to standardize network architectures, the ISO (International Standards


Organization) issued the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model in 1984 (ten years after
the TCP/IP reference model was first defined in 1974).

The OSI model has 7 layers which are shown on the following slide.
The OSI 7 Layer Model
The OSI 7 Layer Model
OSI Model Networking
Services Performed by Layers

Physical Layer (1):


• Transmit raw bits • Convert bits to waveforms

Data Link Layer (2):


• Transfer data frames
• Error detection/correction,
ARQ (automatic repeat request), contention resolution

Network Layer (3):


• Transfer and route packets reliably between sub-networks
• Routing algorithms, congestion control

Transport Layer (4):


• Transparent, reliable and cost-effective data transfer between end systems
• Break messages into packets, flow control, additional end-to-end reliability.
Services Performed by Layers

Session Layer (5):


• Provide mechanism for organizing and structuring interactions between
application processes (e.g., token management)

Presentation Layer (6):


• Provide independence from differences in data representations (e.g., ASCII vs.
Unicode)
• Data compression, code conversion

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