MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA UNIVERSITY OF

TECHNOLOGY, GORAKHPUR.

Department Of Chemical Engineering

Project

Mentor : Dr. Prateek Khare Group :

1) Rishabh Tiwari (2016061045)
2) Sarthak Tiwari (2016061046)
3) Satwik (2016061047)
4) Satyam Rai (2016061048)
SYNTHESIS OF ADSORBENT FIBER FROM
CHICKEN FEATHER FOR REMOVAL OF DYE
 INTRODUCTION

• Water is a prime need of human being and due to its unsustainable use, its conservation has
become a topic of serious concern.
• The industrial development has seen a great use of water in various processes and contributed
to the generation of wastewater on a large scale.
• The problem of wastewater from industries is rising day by day and its purification has
become the need of the hour.
• Wastewaters from industries are coloured, which is mainly due to dyes used in the industries.
 INTRODUCTION

• Dyes are almost invariably toxic, and additionally a visible pollutant, so their removal
from the effluent stream is ecologically essential.
• The objective of this project is to conceptualize and hence fabricate a model of an
adsorbent which can be used for the removal of dye from wastewaters.
 NECESSITY FOR THE REMOVAL OF DYE

• Waste water originated from textile dyeing cause environmental pollution.

• Dyes have the capability to sustain in the environment for a longer period of time due to high thermal and
photo stability.
• The presence of textile dyes in water bodies obstruct their oxygenation capacity.
• It poses a challenge for the photosynthetic process of aquatic plants or algae.
• The long-time presence of dyes brings toxic effects to the aquatic environment and results in low aerobic
biodegradability.
• The presence of very small amounts of dyes in the water affects the superiority and transparency of water
bodies.
 DYE REMOVAL TECHNIQUES

• The various dye removal techniques are classified into Chemical, Physical, and Biological
methods.
• Physical methods: 1. Adsorption
2. Ion Exchange
3. Filtration/ Coagulation
• Chemical methods: 1. Ozonization
2. Fenton reagent
3. Photo Catalytic Reactions
 DYE REMOVAL TECHNIQUES

• Biological methods: 1. Aerobic degradation

  2. Anaerobic degradation
3. Biosorption
• Adsorption found to be very effective and cheap method among the all available dye
removal methods
• Adsorbent such as activated carbon is used for the desired removal.
• Hence, we will work on the synthesis of activated carbon for the removal of dye.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

• Different methods of dye removal based on the structure of dyes.

Physical Methods:
• Based on the physical properties of dyes present in the wastewater.
• Depends on the size of the particles, charge on the particles (ionic nature), magnetic
properties, optical properties, etc.
• Examples: precipitation, filtration, reverse osmosis(RO), coagulation, flocculation,
adsorption, etc.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

• Methods like RO, MF, NF give high-quality treated effluents, highly expensive as the membrane may need to be
periodically replaced, high osmotic pressure requirements and may not be efficient in treating large volumes of
wastewater.
• Adsorption is the most commonly used and economical method.
Chemical Methods:
• Removal of dye from wastewater by virtue of their functional groups, photochemical properties, redox properties,
etc.
• Also depends on the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the feed and material used.
• High cost of chemicals required, low recovery of chemicals, high energy costs make these processes advantageous
only for low volumes.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
Biological methods:
• Involve decomposition of dyes or toxic contaminants by using microorganisms such as bacteria, algae,
yeast, etc.
• Bacteria such as bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus, etc are capable of degrading azo dyes.
• Can mineralise the sulfonated azo-mordant Yellow dyes.
• Algae require specific conditions for decomposition, yeasts can endure various extreme conditions of pH,
temperature, availability of nutrients and concentration of contaminants.
• Flexibility in design and operation, Constraints in toxicity and diurnal variations and land area
requirements.
 ADSORPTION

• Process of spontaneous concentration of a substance(solid, liquid, gas) on the surface of

another substance.
Freundlich’s Isotherm:
• When the adsorbate forms only single layer.
• x/m = k.P1/n
log x/m = log k + 1/n log P
• Plotting log x/m on the y-axis and log P on
x-axis. Valid if slope is straight line.
 ADSORPTION
Langmuir’s Isotherm:
• The surface of adsorbent to be made up of elementary adsorption sites and that all of these sites are
equivalent.
• Dynamic equilibrium is established.
• θ= kp(1− θ).
• With low-cost adsorbents, low regeneration costs,
availability of simple process equipment and sludge free
operations: Adsorption most economical and effective
dye removal method.
 ADSORPTION
Examples of Low-Cost Adsorbents:

• Activated carbon: Highly costly, 15-18% loss in activity of the material due reactions of the dye.

• Groundnut shells: Highly fibrous and carbonaceous; and pose a disposal problem. They have been shown to
remove Malchite Green with 94.5% efficiency in only 30 min on activation with with small amount of Zinc
Chloride.

• Leaves: highly fibrous. The charged functional groups attract the ions in the dye and thus increase the efficiency
of the removal. They can even offer high efficiency without any chemical treatment. Phoenix tree leaves are rich
in fiber, protein and contain functional groups of carboxyl, hydroxyl, amidogen, etc. They have been found to
remove methylene blue with efficiency of 80-90 mg per gram.

• Bamboo is another low-cost material that is easily available in India. It is found to be very effective adsorbent of
methylene blue on activation with potassium hydroxide.

• Chicken feather, which is another highly fibrous farm waste, can be used as an adsorbent.
 DESIGN ANALYSIS

Required Components
• Chicken Feather-: It has keratin, a protein that possesses the unique physicochemical
properties for the sorption process of metallic species.
• Paint Thinner-:It is used to eliminate organic residue and enhance the chicken feather fiber as a
potential low-cost adsorbent by modifying the reactive site to be more effective in the
adsorption process.
• Toothpaste-:Activation of adsorbent is done by a base as CF is acidic. So we took toothpaste as
base to activate the adsorbent. It also increases the surface area of the fiber.
DESIGN ANALYSIS

Flowchart to show the steps involved in making up the adsorbent

 FABRICATION OF MODEL

• Cleansing of CF is done repeatedly with water and detergent to remove dirt, blood, dung
etc.
• Rinsed CF was later dried in air for three days.
• Then the CF was blended until it gets smooth prior to treatment and activation.
• Later blending is done in order to soften the CF and make it more porous. The porosity is
increased so that it can withstand to more of holding capacity if the adsorbed substance.
 FABRICATION OF MODEL

• Treatment of CF is done for about 15 minutes with paint thinner to remove the adhere
organic matter.
• The CF was now filtered using the home filter.
• The left part is taken and then dried in a oven for around 40-50oC.
• Taken 10gm of CF and mix it with fluoride present base toothpaste solution. Following
this the mixture is stirred for around 30minutes, then the mixture is filtered and dried in
the oven for around 50oC.

Oven dried CF Activated CF

Filter used
after drying
 TESTING OF THE MODEL
Step1:
• Initially took 150 ml of water was taken in three different glasses(1,2,3 respectively from left to right.)

Step2:
• In all 3 glasses we had put 4 drops of Dye.

Step3: 1 2 3
• We leave the 1st glass as it is with 4 drops of Dye.
• In Glass 2 we put (unactivated by base) fibres into it.
• In Glass 3 we put (activated by base) fibres into it.
• We see Almost no change in them at t=0.
 TESTING OF THE MODEL
Step4:
• See the glasses after different time interval for the result.
Observation Table
S.No. Time(sec) Glass1 Glass 2 Glass 3

1 0 Dark blue Dark Blue Dark Blue

2 3 Dark blue Partial Blue Partial Blue
3 5 Dark blue Partial Blue Clear Solution

1 2 3

Decolourisation of Dye at t=0sec Decolourisation of Dye at t=3sec Decolourisation of Dye at t=5sec

 TESTING OF THE MODEL

• The glass with only fiber without being activated shows only a partial rate of adsorption.
• The glass with activated fibres shows a positive result.
• Within due course of time adsorption is fast and the blue colour of dye is removed and a
clear solution is obtained.
• As we have taken conc. as only factor depending on time. Let us assume and derive a one
dimensional model differential equation for time dependent concentration distribution of
solute.(here dye)
• The final equation comes out to be:
SELECTED COMPONENTS AND COST
S.NO COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION FABRICATED/ COST(Rs.)
PURCHASED

1 CHICKEN FEATHER 1kg PURCHASED 50

2 PAINT THINNER 500ml PURCHASED 150

3 TOOTHPASTE 100gm PURCHASED 20

4 DYE 50ml PURCHASED 10

5 FILTER FINE FILTER PURCHASED 20

  TOTAL COST     300

 CONCLUSION
• In our project, we have prepared activated fiber as an adsorbent by using-
1. Chicken feather as adsorbent material
2. Paint thinner to remove organic residue
3. Toothpaste to activate adsorbent
4. Some mechanical devices like dryer, stirrer, filter etc.

• By using this adsorbent we removed dyes from wastewater at different concentrations.

 CONCLUSION

• As we know for any optimization technique we require at least 2 to 3 output variables but
due to lack of resources we got only one response.
• But for exact optimization using RSM we have to assume other two variables
(temperature and time).
• If we get time after lockdown we will check out other varying varibales to get another eq.
which would be more exact.
 FUTURE ASPECTS

• There are many optimization technique which we can use, Response surface methodology
is one of them which is one of the most efficient technique.
• RSM is a collection of mathematical and statistical techniques for empirical model
building.
• By using this technique we can optimise a response which is influenced by several
independent variables.
 FUTURE ASPECTS
• Optimization by RSM technique involves there major steps-
1. Statistical designed experiments
2. Estimate the coefficient in a mathematical model
3. Predict the response and checking the adequacy of the model within the step of experiments.