INTRODUCTION TO

TOWN PLANNING
What is planning?
• Definition of planning is subjective
• It is considered a science and art.
• It is pre-thinking and pre-arranging things.
• Planning is a future-oriented problem solving process.
• It is a way of thinking about social and economic problems
• It is concerned with the relation of goals to collective decisions and strives
for comprehensiveness in policies and programs (freidman)
• It is the link between technical knowledge and action in the public domain.
• An orderly sequence of activities that will lead to the accomplishment of
stated goals
What is town planning?
• It is the art and science of organizing land use and siting of buildings
and communication routes to provide best possible degree of
economy, beauty and convenience in terms of the available resources
and time.
• It is the organization of all elements of a town or other urban
environment
• Town planning integrates land use and other managerial aspects of
settlements to improve the economic and social environments of
communities and achieving health, beauty, convenience, preservation
and sustainability.
Town planning - aims
• Production of the guidelines dictating the course of development of a
city or town
• Improve built environment
• Preserve the best features of our environment for benefit of future
generations – cultural and historical preservation – environmental
conservation
• Fulfill social and economic needs of population and nations
• Reduce poverty and inequality in development
• Health, beauty, convenience, comfort and security
Urban planning
• Similar to town planning but done on a much larger scale
• An urban environment is one in which natural environment is
dominated by the man made environment
• A city is a large human settlement, a town is a mid sized human
settlement
• Economic base and infrastructure are also used to define whether a
human settlement is a city, town or village.
Elements of a city
• Transportation and communication routes
• Buildings; public, commercial, residential, recreational, educational,
industrial, military, government
• Urban agriculture, vegetation
Why urban/town planning is needed?
• Urbanization is increasing
• Population is growing. Planning is needed to make better use of
resources
• Social inequality
• Realizing a settlement’s economic potential by overcoming weaknesses
such as:
• Lack of innovative urban development vision
• Lack of coordination between departments responsible for urban development
• Unsustainable development
• Environmental Degredation
• Corrupt and poorly managed Urban governance institutions
Why urban/town planning is needed?
• Facing new socio-economic and climatic challenges:
• Urban security
• Public Health and Safety
• Financial crises
• Global Warming and climate change
• Social changes
Outcome of planning = plan
• A plan is a diagram or a list of steps or activities or actions
• The steps must be performed within the allotted or available time and
resources
• The performance of the steps leads to the fulfillment of objectives or
goals
• The plan is like a compass which helps in following the course of
development
• A successful plan is based on thorough and accurate research
Levels of Urban Planning
• Local/District – short or medium term development of a town
• Regional – medium term development focusing on solving problems
with regional dimesions
• National – economic and long term development for national
interests
URBAN PLANNING LEVELS
• National level
1. Policy making
2. Strategic objectives
• Regional level
1. Land act
2. Regional plans, Transportation
• Municipal level
1. Land development plan
2. Land use plan
3. Master plan
How town planning provides health?
• Regulating and reducing pollutions of different kinds – air, noise,
water
• Providing open spaces such as parks for public use
• Water and waste treatment facilities
• Use of renewable technologies for provision of electricity
• Providing pathways that encourage walking and reduce the use of
vehicles that use non renewable fuels
• Implementation of environmental protection laws
• Proper disposal of waste
What does beauty and convenience mean?
• Convenience is understood in the form of various economic, social
and recreational amenities to be given to the public
• Provision of jobs, provision of places for social gatherings, provisions
of basic infrastructure facilities such as electricity, water, sewerage
system, roads
• Beauty means to preserve the aesthetic in the design of all elements
of the town or city plan.
• Beauty is achieved by taking the best possible advantages of the
natural conditions.
URBAN PLANNING PROCCESSES

TOP DOWN ?????

BOTTOM UP ???
Sustainable Urban Planning
URBAN PLANNING PROCCESSES
Principles of town planning
• No Haphazard methods of planning are to be employed
• Fulfillment of basic needs such as housing is necessary for all levels of
society
• Provision of basic infrastructure facilities or civic amenities
• Provision of open spaces
• Accessibility ( modes of transportation – rail, road, air, water)
• Proper systems of zoning to be implemented
• Provision of green belts to control future growth of a city and prevent
environmental degredation
Goals vs Objectives
GOALS OBJECTIVES

Goals are defined in general terms Specific in nature

Long term Short or medium term

May not be measurable and are not tangible Can be measured or be tangible
Forms of planning
• Land use planning
• Physical planning
• Allocative planning
• Imperative planning
• Indicative planning
Land use planning
• Exercise in public policy that designates and regulates the use of land
• Outcome is a plan or document that outlines:
• Allocation and zoning of land based on the nature of use
• Regulation measures for the intensity of use
• Formulation of legal and administrative devices for supporting and
implementing the plan
Physical planning
• It is the planning of an area’s physical structures or infrastructure e.g.
communication and transportation facilities, municipal utilities etc.
• It is concentrated on local or regional level.
• It uses the land use plan as a framework for optimal development of
physical infrastructure in an area
Allocative planning
• It is a kind of regulatory planning.
• It is concerned with the resolution of conflicts through evolving
policies to ensure efficiency of an existing system
• It is concerned with coordination among different components of a
system.
Indicative planning
• It is concerned with the implementation of planning or plans
• It lays down general guidelines for implementation
• It is advisory in nature

Imperative planning
• Also concerned with implementation of plans
• It is more guided and involves specific directives
What do planners do?
• Devise land use
• Address transportation and infrastructure requirements
• Planning social and community services
• Creating economic capacity in local communities
• Working internationally

Involves:
Politicians, developers, architects, engineers, citizens
Urban planning devices
• Development plans
• Zoning regualtions
• Building regulations
• Environmental protection laws
• Conservation areas
• Enforcements
Planning process steps
1. Problem identification
2. Determine Goals Objectives
3. Survey and data collection
4. Analysis and Synthesis
5. Policy and Plan Formation
6. Implementation of plan
7. Monitoring and evaluation
Land use classification
• Residentiary uses
• Commercial (trade) uses
• Educational uses
• Recreational uses
• Governmental and Administrative uses
• Health and welfare uses
• Religious and cultural uses
• Assembly uses
• Transportation uses
• Burial grounds
• Utilities and Municipal service facilities
Land use models
• Mono-centric or concentric model
• Sector model
• Mutliple nuclei model
• Hybrid model
Concentric
• Created by E.W. Burgess in 1925
• Assumes that transportation networks
are radial.
• Based on the idea that land values are
highest in the centre of a town or city.
• Distinguishes four uses: Residential,
Retail, Industrial and transportation.
• Central business district (CBD) forms
the centre of the city or town while
other land uses appear in concentric
circles around the CBD.
• Distance away from CBD is important
Sector (hoyt) model
• Created by homer hoyt
• CBD forms centre around which all other land
uses are clustered.
• Factories and industries are located along
transportation routes
• Direction with respect to CBD is important
• High income households are located on higher
ground or along an environmental amenity
• Low income households located in low lying
areas and industry basins. Transportation costs
to jobs minimized for poor households.
• Particular land uses grow radially outwards
(wedges) from City centre.
Multiple Nuclei model
• Developed by two geographers: C.D.
Harris & E.L. Ullman in 1945
• Basic concept: cities don’t grow up
around a single core but have several
nodes
• Decentralization of CBD is present
• Recognizes that different activities
have different accessibility
requirements.
• Specialized cells of activity would
develop according to the specific
requirements of certain activities
Hybrid Model
• This model recognizes that
urban areas are a combination
of the distinctive features found
in the sector, concentric and
multiple nuclei model.
• Some land uses are aligned to
major transport axis while other
are concentrated in nuclei.
Good City/ Town ?
Urban Sprawl
Slum, Informal settlements
Good City/ Town ? 1. Compact
2. Efficient land use and recourses
3. Less automobile use, Better access
4. Less pollution & Less waste
5. Restoration of Ecosystem
6. Good housing and living environments
7. Healthy social ecology
8. Sustainable economy
9. Community participation, Involvement
10. Preservation of local culture & Wisdom
THE ISO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON CITY INDICATOR

This International Standard defines and establishes definitions

and methodologies for a set of indicators to steer and measure
the performance of city services and quality of life.
Quantitative, qualitative or descriptive sets of measurements
and metrics that provide a globally standardized set of
definitions and methodologies.
This International Standard is applicable to any city,
municipality or local government that undertakes to measure its
performance in a comparable and verifiable manner,
irrespective of size and location or level of development
 AL Masder City

Ecomagination
Since its 2005 launch, ecomagination – the company’s commitment to technology solutions that save
money and reduce environmental impact for its customers and GE’s own operations – has generated more
than US$160 billion in revenue. GE’s own operations have seen a 32 percent reduction in GHG emissions
since 2004 and a 45 percent reduction in freshwater use since 2006, realizing $300 million in savings.
Gujarat International Finance Tec‐City, GIFT City
 Urban Design
Principles

Introduction : understanding urban design

- What is urban design and what does it do?
- How to read the city in order to understand
urban design issues and tasks?
- What is urban design in relation to urban
planning?
- How to approach urban design?
- How are urban design decisions
implemented?
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Spectrum of urban design activities
- Regional scale, a whole city or a town

- City wide, an urban district, or a large, self-contained

community

- Neighbourhoods, building complexes

- Impact area of a developments project

- Immediate area of individual buildings

- Agent, municipal government
- Scale, aspects of design, a
whole city or a town, macro
scope land use planning, regional
infrastructure systems
- Issues of design, land uses and
infrastructure systems
- Nature of design, macro scope
land use planning
- Agent, local authority
- Scale, aspects of design, city
wide developments, an urban
district, or a large, self-contained
community, infrastructure
systems, network of open space,
and so on
- Issues of design, structure plan of
land uses without 3D urban
design input
- Nature of design, land use
planning / 2D urban design study
- Agent, institutions,
commercial organisations
- Scale, aspects of design,
neighbourhoods, building
complexes, including layout
of buildings annd related
physical components
- Issues of design, 2D and 3D
design of all major physical
components of a development
- Nature of design, 3D form for
a whole development
- Agent, local authority and/or
institutions, commercial
organisations
- Scale, aspects of design,
impact area of developments
and projects, public open
spaces like streets, squares,
parks
- Issues of design, detailed design
of street spaces, plazas, and
green areas
- Nature of design, landscaping,
building (facade) design,
ornamental details
- Agent, individual property
owners, local interest groups
- Scale, aspects of design,
immediate area of individual
buildings, including private
and public open spaces,
external appareance
- Issues of design, landscaping
of open spaces, buidling
ornamental details
- Nature of design,
landscaping, building (facade)
design
 ‘Urban Design’ involves ………. the
design of buildings, groups of buildings,
spaces and landscapes and brings together
issues of planning, transport, architectural
design, landscape and engineering to
create a vision for an area and then ensure
it is delivered.

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 It is also the complex inter-relationship between different
buildings and the relationship between buildings and
streets, squares, parks and other spaces that make up the
public realm. It is also concerned with the nature and
quality of the public realm itself.

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 Social and Environmental Benefits

a sense of civic pride greater social inclusion and

interaction,
improved safety and access to goods and services for the
community,
enhanced heritage and ecological value,
increased energy efficiency and reduced waste and
pollution.
Good urban design brings people together and will
encourage a vibrant mix of self-supporting uses and
activities within the City Centre. It will help create a place
which is greater than the sum of the individual parts and
allow an urban life and culture to evolve out of a collection
of buildings and spaces

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 Urban design and urban planning

Urban, city, and town planning

It integrates land use planning and transportation
planning to improve the built, economic and
social environments of communities.

Urban design
It concerns the arrangement, appearance and
functionality of towns and cities, and in
particular the shaping and uses of urban
public space.

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 It has traditionally been regarded as a disciplinary subset of
 
urban planning, landscape architecture, or architecture and in
 
more recent times has been linked to emergent disciplines
such as landscape urbanism. However, with its increasing
prominence in the activities of these disciplines, it is better
conceptualised as a design practice that operates at the
intersection of all three, and requires a good understanding of
a range of others.

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 Urban design theory deals primarily with the design and
 
management of public space (i.e. the 'public environment',
'public  realm' or 'public domain'), and the way public
places are experienced and used.
Public space includes the totality of spaces used freely on
a day-to-day basis by the general public, such as streets,
plazas, parks and public infrastructure.
Some aspects of privately owned spaces, such as
building facades or domestic gardens, also contribute to
public space and are therefore also considered by urban
design theory

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 While the two fields are closely related, 'urban design'
differs from 'urban planning' in its focus on physical
improvement of the public environment, whereas the
latter tends, in practice, to focus on the management of
private development through established planning
methods and programs, and other statutory development
controls.

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 Urban design may encompass the preparation of
 
design guidelines and regulatory frameworks, or even
 
legislation to control development, advertising, etc.
and in this sense overlaps with urban planning.
It may encompass the design of particular spaces
and structures and in this sense overlaps with
architecture, landscape architecture,
highway engineering and industrial design.
It may also deal with ‘place management’ to guide
and assist the use and maintenance of urban areas and
public spaces.

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 Much urban design work is undertaken by urban
planners, landscape architects and architects but there are
professionals who identify themselves specifically as
urban designers.

An urban village is an urban planning and urban design

concept. It refers to an urban form typically characterized
by:
•Medium density development
•Mixed use zoning
•The provision of good public transit
•An emphasis on urban design - particularly
pedestrianization and public space

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 Urban design considers:
•Urban structure – How a place is put together and how
its parts relate to each other
•Urban typology, density and sustainability - spatial
types and morphologies related to intensity of use,
consumption of resources and production and
maintenance of viable communities
•Accessibility – Providing for ease, safety and choice
when moving to and through places
•Legibility and wayfinding – Helping people to find
their way around and understand how a place works
•Animation – Designing places to stimulate public
activity
•Function and fit – Shaping places to support their
varied intended uses
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 •Complementary mixed uses – Locating activities to allow
constructive interaction between them
•Character and meaning – Recognizing and valuing the
differences between one place and another
•Order and incident – Balancing consistency and variety
in the urban environment in the interests of appreciating
both
•Continuity and change – Locating people in time and
place, including respect for heritage and support for
contemporary culture
•Civil society – Making places where people are free to
encounter each other as civic equals, an important
component in building social capital

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 Principles of Urban Design

Following are eight principles of good urban design:

Character
Continuity and Enclosure
A Quality Public Realm
Ease of Movement
Legibility
Adaptability
Diversity
Sustainability

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 Character

Protect and enhance the

buildings, street, materials,
landmarks and views that are
unique and give the
campus/city its identity.

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 The appearance of the built environment defines an area’s
identity and character and creates a sense of place.
 Many areas of the campus have a well-established
character that needs to be protected and enhanced.
 No site is a blank slate. It will have shape and there will
be adjacent development and a history which make it a
distinctive place.
 This context should be established for each site and
responded to in order to build something that is
recognizable and special to the particular development.

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 High quality contemporary design that has evolved from
its context is encouraged.
 Places that are distinctive are memorable and popular. A
common element within an area will distinguish it from
adjoining areas and create a sense of place.
 The use of exposed bricks and blending of British
Mughal Architecture is one such example in campus.

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 3.2.2. Continuity and Enclosure

Create streets and public spaces

that are well connected and
enclosed by attractive building
frontages.

Every building is just one part of the fabric of the

campus/City which is held together by the network of
streets and spaces. Well enclosed and connected spaces
allow using and enjoying the campus conveniently and
in comfort

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 The street forms the interface between the public and
private realm.
 Developing and protecting the urban fabric or structure
with strong spatial continuity and a good sense of enclosure
will benefit the campus over time.
It will help remove gap sites and inappropriate
developments and severance caused by overly wide roads.

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 3.2.3. A Quality Public Realm

Create high quality public spaces that

are attractive, safe, comfortable, well
maintained, welcoming and
accessible to everyone.

The term ‘public realm’ means any part of the campus

that can be experienced by everyone, from buildings to
bollards. Everything in the Public realm has an effect on
the campus/City image and character.

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 A key principle is that ‘people attract people’.
Places which feel good will encourage people to use
them and places which are well used stand a better chance
of being well cared for.
The aim is to produce friendly, vibrant public places
where people feel welcome to visit, socialize and go
about their business and leisure in comfort and safety.
Buildings define spaces and good architecture is
obviously important. However, concentrating on the
quality of those buildings alone ignores the fact that it is
the public realm above all that most people will
experience up close.

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 3.2.4. Ease of Movement
Make the campus easy and safe to get to
and move around in, particularly for
pedestrians and cyclists.
Movement of all kinds is the lifeblood of any campus.
 The movement network must operate in a way which
brings the campus to life, yet high levels of traffic can
impact negatively on quality of life and perception of place.
Transport planning should acknowledge that streets have
vital social, economic and amenity roles in addition to that
of being channels for vehicles.
A well designed urban structure will have a network of
streets and spaces that can accommodate these roles as well
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as the traffic.
 3.2.5. Legibility

Create a place that both residents and

visitors can understand and easily
navigate.
Good urban design can help to create a
campus that is easy to understand and
find one’s way about.
Streets, buildings, vistas, visual details and activities
should be used to give a strong sense of place and to
provide an understanding of destinations and routes. A
legible urban environment is the sum of many of the
urban design principles.
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 Routes
The routes people take are a key element in the way the
campus is perceived.
Careful consideration must be given to the sequence of
experiences the campus offers to residents and visitors
when moving through.
 A clear hierarchy of streets should be established to
enable people to orientate themselves in the campus.
 For example, primary routes should generally be wider
with the prominent buildings which enables people to
‘read’ the campus/City without the need for signage and
maps.
Gateway features on key routes can create a memorable
sense of arrival to the campus and to places within it.
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 Landmarks

Gateway and other landmark elements in the urban

environment should not only be thought of as physical
objects, although these often the most common. They are
any kind of reference point that people single out as being
memorable that helps orientate themselves.
 landmarks include public art or a unique lighting scheme,
traffic signals, a strong element of urban character such as a
distinctive building or a striking vista.
Some landmarks are distant ones, often visible from many
angles and places.

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 New development should reinforce the legibility of its
local area and the campus by including local features that
relate to local circumstances.
 Some of these will include fine grained details that
provide interest to pedestrians, others more striking
elements to provide interest to those passing in vehicles.
These should always remain appropriate to their context.

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 Focal Points
Public spaces are key to the legibility of any place. The
best are active areas where people gather and meet and
such focal points should be emphasized, given clear
definition and purpose.
 The vitality of street life and the relationship of
buildings to the proportion and nature of the street is
fundamental to the creation of a sense of place which
welcomes residents and visitors.
 Junctions are ‘nodal points’ where people decide their
route and come to meet. Street junctions should be
designed as active spaces and places, not characterless
traffic interchanges.
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 Views

Protect key views and create new Vistas and landmarks

to help people locate themselves in the campus and create
links within and beyond the immediate area.
New development should protect important existing
views, whilst taking opportunities to create new
memorable ones.

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 Signage
Character areas are the larger areas of the campus
recognizable as having a particular identity which assist
people as they pass through and by them.
The provision of good signage and guidance at key points
is important in aiding orientation.
Direction signs will always have a role in helping those
unfamiliar with the campus find their way about, although
good urban design should help reduce the need for signage
in the first place.

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 3.2.6. Adaptability

Create a campus that can adapt to

change so that buildings may come and
go, but the streets last a lifetime.

Successful campus’s accept change and continually adapt

to remain vibrant over time. Thoughtful and good urban
design is required to achieve this flexibility. New
developments and public realm improvements should be
designed both to respect the existing context and to
accommodate future change.

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 3.2.7. Diversity

Create a campus with variety and

choice. Encourage a mix of uses
(institutional, residential, leisure, )
and architectural styles to create
vibrant campus.
Housing, leisure, places to work and meet should
interrelate to form an identifiable and walk able campus
that meets the needs of residents. The campus’s which
benefit from a mixture of good amenities have the means
to support their own requirements and reinforce a sense
of community.

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 3.2.7. Diversity

Create a campus with variety and

choice. Encourage a mix of uses
(institutional, residential, leisure, )
and architectural styles to create
vibrant campus.
Housing, leisure, places to work and meet should
interrelate to form an identifiable and walk able campus
that meets the needs of residents. The campus’s which
benefit from a mixture of good amenities have the means
to support their own requirements and reinforce a sense
of community.

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 3.2.8. Sustainability

Create a social, economic and

environmentally sustainable
campus for the future.

Sustainable development is concerned with the

overlapping working of the economy, environment and
society. The vision for the campus encourages a
sustainable and innovative approach to development that
makes use of current best practice to make it more
energy and resource efficient whilst encouraging
economic development and social equity.

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 3.3 Public Realm (20)

The Public Realm is the streets, squares,

parks, green spaces, and other outdoor
places that we pass through in our
everyday lives.

High quality, inspirational public places are not

just a desirable element of regeneration, they
are essential to creating successful, vibrant,
live able city/ campus.

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 Creating quality public realm in AMU will improve the
image of the campus and enhance quality of life. It is also
becoming increasingly acknowledged that investing in
quality public space brings measurable economic
benefits; The aim of this Public Realm Strategy is to
inform and guide public realm improvements within the
campus over the next 10 years. It aims to set out an
inspirational framework and a set of public realm
standards that will:

• Improve the AMU image to create a memorable and

distinctive campus;

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 •Create a vibrant, dynamic and inclusive public realm that
encourages greater use of the campus and its assets;
• Enhance the AMU’s unique character areas and built
heritage through a coherent design approach;
• Create a legible, accessible and easy to navigate the
campus;
• Establish a restrained, classic palette of materials and
street furniture that is robust, sustainable, low
maintenance and realistically affordable;
• Enhance the sense of place and community through
public

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 Material selection criteria for Public Realm Elements

The material selection for all public realm elements

should be influenced by four criteria which will need to
be evaluated with equal weighting when specified:

• Sustainability
• Cost
• Aesthetics
• Function
Fig. 4: material selection criteria

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 Sustainability

As part of a holistic and sustainable approach to site design, all

materials used within campus public realm should be subjected to a
sustainability review. This will enable to lower the environmental
impact of projects, improve upon existing benchmarks at the same
time as monitoring build cost. The sustainability credentials used in
selecting materials should be broken into five performance indicators
which take into account the total life span of a product.
• Embodied energy (including raw material processing,
manufacturing and transportation to site);
• Energy consumption during a products lifetime and choice of
responsible materials;
• Choice of environmentally responsible materials;
• Sourcing ‘locally’;
• Durability/Reusability/Recycle-ability.
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 Cost

It is not realistic to suggest that all areas of campus public

realm should be of the same quality. Investment in the
public realm should be focused on areas of the campus
which are the most significant, attract the highest public
usage and are most visually prominent. This investment
hierarchy proposes the highest quality of materials in the
primary streets of the city/ campus.
Investment should be focused in these areas and gradually
reduced as you move away from the Core.

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 Aesthetics
The aesthetics of the materials, furniture and lighting elements of the
public realm are to be selected thoughtfully. The components and
materials that have been selected aim to create a revitalized,
contemporary City/campus whilst respecting and enhancing the
existing historic character and identity. The aesthetics and character
of materials for individual streets and spaces will be informed by
proposed Levels of Intervention. The materials palette aims to:
• Enrich existing assets, building upon strong character in areas of
Conservation;
• Redefine and revitalize the identity of outdated and tired areas in
zones of Repair and Recovery;
• Create new identities for areas of Reinvention and Reconfiguration.
By implementing this graded approach through a co-ordinated
materials ‘family’, the materials palette aims to create a coherent
unified image for the campus, revitalized and refreshed for the 21st
century.
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 Function

The function of materials, furniture and lighting is

inextricably linked to the sustainability of the city/campus
public realm. The ‘Street Hierarchy’ will ultimately
inform the type, size and implementation of materials. In
general materials should be:
• Simple, robust and fit for purpose;
• Maintainable;
• Carefully detailed and implemented;
• Multi-functional, and thoughtfully designed

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 Fig.6: Master plan of IIT Roorkee Campus
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 Analysis

•The main building shows the architecture of highest

heritage and amenity value with a quality public
realm.

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 •Contemporary architectural style material and
colour create a sense of coherency.

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 •The tower structure of electronics department
acting as landmark.

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 •Good quality public realm of central library
create a new identity for the area.

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 •Good landscaping integrate the building and their
external spaces into an imageable whole.

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 •Well treated junctions aid legibility and make easy to
navigate into the campus.

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 •Pedestrian and vehicular segregation of the street
avoids conflicts.

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 •Planting of different types ,using many species for
their seasonal colour or texture complement the
orchestration of built form.

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 •Streets shows definition, active frontages and
permeability.

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 •U G Club encourages leisure use and temporary
events.

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 •Students centered activity area enhances natural
surveillance to the campus.

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