MATHEMATICS IN THE Engr.

Annika Flores, CIE

MODERN WORLD
WHAT NUMBER SHOULD
REPLACE THE (_)?
1. 10, 21, 33, 46, 60, _
2. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, _
3. Z2, Y4, X8, W16, _
4. 3, 3, 3, 6, 3, 9, 3, _
5. 720, 720, 360, _ , 30, 6
6.

7.
8.

A. B. C. D. E.
9.

A. B. C. D. E.
10. CHOOSE THE ONE ODD OUT.
CHAPTER 1: NATURE OF
MATHEMATICS
PATTERNS AND NUMBERS IN
NATURE AND THE WORLD
PATTERNS- regular, repeated, or recurring forms or designs
SYMMETRY- the quality of being made up of exactly similar
parts facing each other or around an axis

BILATERAL SYMMETRY- symmetric about the axis by the

dotted line, note that left and right portions are exactly the same
ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY- is the property a shape has when
it looks the same after some rotation by a partial turn
ORDER OF ROTATION
 ANGLE OF ROTATION- smallest angle that a figure can be
rotated while preserving the original formation
A more common way of describing rotational symmetry is by
ORDER OF ROTATION.
A figure has a rotational symmetry of order n (n- fold rotational
symmetry) if 1/n of a complete turn leaves the figure unchanged.

=
  60˚ =
  72˚
PACKING PROBLEMS
 PACKING PROBLEMS- finding the optimum method of filling
up a given space such as a cubic or spherical container
For Square Packing:
x 100%
For Hexagonal Packing
A=
x 100%
FOR SQUARE PACKING
Suppose you have circles of radius 1cm and for
square packing, each square will have an area of 4
cm2

  𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓
𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝜋 𝑐𝑚2
x 100 %= 2
𝑥 100 %=78.54 % 
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 4 𝑐𝑚
HEXAGONAL PACKING
For hexagonal packing, we can think of each hexagon as
composed of 6 equilateral triangles with side equals to 2
cm.
 
x 100%

  𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 2 𝑥 √ 3 =¿ ¿
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 =
4

  3 𝜋 𝑐𝑚2
2
𝑥 100 %=90.69 %
6 √ 3 𝑐𝑚
TIGER’S STRIPES SUNFLO
AND HYENAS’ WER
SPOTS
THE SNAIL’S FLOWER
SHELL PETALS
WORLD POPULATION
 
EXAMPLE 1
In 1950, the world's population
was 2,555,982,611.  With a growth rate of
approximately 1.68%, what was the population
in1955?
EXAMPLE 1
 In 1950,
the world's population was 2,555,982,611. 
With a growth rate of approximately 1.68%, what was
the population in1955?
SEQUENCE
A sequence is an ordered list of numbers, called terms,
that may have repeated values. The arrangement of these
terms is set by a definite rule.
Ex. Analyze the given sequence for its rule and identify
the next 3 terms.
a. 1, 10, 100, 1000, __, __, __
b. 2, 5, 9, 14, 20, __, __, __
 FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
A sequence like 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 is a special sequence called the
Fibonacci sequence. It is named after the Italian mathematician
Leonardo of Pisa, who was better known by his nickname
Fibonacci.

… he noted that the set of numbers generated from this could be

extended by getting the sum of two previous terms.

It is also interesting to note that the ratios of successive Fibonacci

numbers approach the number Phi, also known as the Golden Ratio.
THE GOLDEN RATIO
The golden ratio can also    

be expressed as the ratio

between two numbers, if
the latter is also the ratio
between the sum and the
larger of two numbers.
 MATHEMATICS FOR OUR
WORLD
Mathematics for Organization
-A lot of events happen around us. In the blink of an eye, several children have
already been born, liters of water have been consumed, or thousand of tweets
have been posted. For us to make sense of all the available information, we
need mathematical tools to help us make sound analysis and better decisions.
Mathematics for Prediction
-It is sometimes said that history repeats itself. As much as we can use
mathematical models using existing data to generate analysis and
interpretations, we can also use them to make predictions. Applying the
concept of probability, experts can calculate the chance of an event occurring.
MATHEMATICS FOR OUR
WORLD
Mathematics for Control
- There seem to be an underlying mathematical structure in the way that
natural objects and phenomenon behave. Though the use of mathematics,
man is also able to exert control over himself and the effects of nature.
Mathematics is Indispensable
“How it is possible that mathematics, a product of human thought that is
independent of experience, fits so excellently the objects of reality.” –Albert
Einstein
At most basic level, logical reasoning and critical thinking are crucial skills
that are needed in any endeavor. As such, the study of mathematics should be
embraced as it paves the way for more educated decisions and in a way,
brings us closer to understanding the natural world.
CHAPTER 2: SPEAKING
MATHEMATICALLY
TONGUE TWISTER
A mathematician can mathematise
mathematics mathematically so if a
mathematician can mathematise
mathematics mathematically, why can't I
mathematise mathematics
mathematically like a mathematician who
mathematises mathematics mathematically?
VARIABLES
 VARIABLE – is sometimes thought of as a mathematical
“John Doe” because you can use it as a placeholder when
you want to talk about something.
Ex:
Is there a number with the following property: doubling it
and adding 3 gives the same result as squaring it?
When replaced with a variable:
Is there a number x with the property that
EXAMPLE 1
Use variables to rewrite the following sentences formally.

Are there numbers with the property that

the sum of their squares equals the square
of their sum?
 ANSWER 1
 
EXAMPLE 2
Use variables to rewrite the following sentences
formally.

Given any real number, its square is

nonnegative.
ANSWER 2
 
SOME IMPORTANT KINDS OF
MATHEMATICAL STATEMENTS
A universal statement says that a certain property is true
for all elements in a set.
(For example: All positive numbers are greater than zero.)
A conditional statement says that a if one thing is true
then some other thing also has to be true. (For example: If
378 is divisible by 18, then 378 is divisible by 6.)
Given a property that may or may not be true, an
existential statement says that there is at least one thing
for which the property is true. (For example: There is a
prime number that is even.)
UNIVERSAL CONDITIONAL
STATEMENTS
A universal conditional statement is a statement that is both universal and
conditional.
Ex: For all animal as a, if a is a dog, then a is a mammal.
The previous statement can be written in a way that makes it conditional nature
explicit but its universal nature implicit.
Ex: If a is a dog, then a is a mammal.
or: If a is a dog, then the animal is a mammal.
The statement can also be expressed so as to make it universal nature explicit and
its conditional nature implicit.
Ex: For all dogs a, a is a mammal.
or: All dogs are mammals.
EXAMPLE: REWRITING A UNIVERSAL
CONDITIONAL STATEMENT
 Fill in the blanks to rewrite the following statement:

a. If a real number is nonzero, then its square ___________.

b. For all nonzero real numbers x, ___________.
c. If x _______, then _________.
d. The square of any nonzero real number is ___________.
e. All nonzero real numbers have _________.
ANSWERS:
 
 UNIVERSAL EXISTENTIAL
A universal existential statement is a statement that is universal because its
first part says that a certain property is true for all objects of a given type, and
it is existential because its second part asserts the existence of something.
Ex: Every real number has an additive inverse.
Knowing that an additive inverse is a real number, you can rewrite this
statement in several ways, some less formal and some more formal:
Ex: All real numbers have additive inverse for r.
Or: For all real numbers r, there is an additive inverse for r.
Or: For all real numbers r, there is a real number s such that s is an additive
inverse for r.
EXAMPLE: REWRITING A UNIVERSAL
EXISTENTIAL STATEMENT
Fill in the blanks to rewrite the following statement:
Every pot has a lid.
a. All pots __________.
b. For all pots P, there is ____________.
c. For all pots P, there is a lid L such that _____________.
ANSWER:
a. have lids
b. a lid for P
c. L is a lid for P
 EXISTENTIAL UNIVERSAL
STATEMENTS
An existential universal statement is a statement that is existential
because its first part asserts that a certain object exists and is
universal because its second part says that the object satisfies a
certain property for all things of a certain kind.
Ex: There is a positive integer that is less than or equal to every
positive integer.
This statement is true because the number one is a positive integer,
and it satisfies the property of being less than or equal to every
positive integer.
EXAMPLE: REWRITING
UNIVERSAL STATEMENTS
Fill in the blanks to rewrite the following statement in three
different ways:
There is a person in my class who is at least as old as every
person in my class.
a. Some _____ is at least as old as _____.
b. There is a person p in my class such that p is _____.
c. There is a person p in my class with the property that for
every person q in my class, p is _____.
ANSWER:
a. person in my class; every person in my class

b. at least as old as every person in my class

c. at least as old as q