Asphalt Cement
Construction Materials
fo rma nc e
Per
WoodsConcretes
2nd semester 2006
Processes
Metals
St
Polymers
ru
i es
t
Ceramics
ct
p er
ur
ro
1 P Composites
es
Construction materials
Materials use for construction of
buildings, highways, bridges, mostly
infrastructure.
Three most importance materials are
Woods
Concrete
Asphalt
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Woods
Most familiar materials to mankind.
Not a high-technology materials but fantastic.
The only material that can be reproduced and
give oxygen to human.
Woods is very strong but yet lightweight.
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Woods structure
Cross sectional
Wood surface •portion of a round cross
section, clearly reveals an
nual growth rings.
Radial Surface
•cutting along a radius
of a round cross section
Tangential Surface
•cutting at a tangent to the growth
rings, or the surface you would see if
you were to view the outside of a log
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Woods structure
Annual Ring
trees grow in both diameter and height during
growth periods that are interrupted by periods
of rest.
Raining season Summer season
High water time Lower water time
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Woods VS water
Water caused negative effect to wood
Wood, if not predried, will dry while in use under uncontrolled
conditions giving rise to warp, bow, twist, and similar defects.
Wet wood is susceptible to attack by decay and stain fungi.
Water must be removed to provide
void space for preservatives if wood is
to be treated for prevention
against fungal
attack.
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Wood shrinkage
Wood is an anisotropic material (having
different properties in 3 dimensions)
Three Dimensions in which Wood Shrinks
Longitudinal = 0.1% to 0.3% L
Shrinkage
Radial = 2.1% to 7.9%
Shrinkage R T
R
Tangential = 4.7% to 12.7%
Shrinkage T
R
T
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Mechanical Properties of woods
Wood strength depends on density
Given a high efficiency when subject to
tensile strength parallel to the fiber direction
Wood species Tensile // fiber Tensile radial Compress // Compress radial
(MN.m-2 ) (MN.m-2 ) fiber (MN.m-2 ) (MN.m-2 )
Maple 108 8 54 10
Oak 78 6 43 6
Pine 73 2 33 3
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Comparison of the specific strength
Specific strength (SF)= strength/density
Material SF strength SF modulus
(kg.m2.s-2 ) (kg.m2.s-2 )
Clear wood 178 2.4E4
Aluminum 127 2.7E4
1020 steel 50 2.7E4
Copper 38 1.4E4
Concrete 15 0.9E4
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Types of wood construction
1) Beam element
2) Plate element
Structuralplate
Non-structural plate
3) Wood-plastic composite
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Wooden house
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Concretes
Common construction material
Strong hard but brittle
Heavy and can not be recycle
All ingredients compose of
diminishing raw material
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Concretes
Concretes = a particular composite in which both
the particular and the matrix are ceramic material
Concretes = Portland Cement + Sand +Aggregate
(A cementation reaction between water and the mineral in cement provide a
strong matrix and good compressive strength)
Cements
Sand
Aggregate
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Cements
Cement binder a very fine in size
Compose of various ratio of chemical
When water is added to the cement, a hydration reaction
occurs, producing a solid gel that bond the aggregate
particle
•3CaO+Al2O+SiO2+3CaO+SiO2+4CaO
• +Al2O3+Fe2O3+other minerals
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Cements
The composition on the cement helps
determine the rate of curing and the
final properties of the concrete
e.g. 3CaO . Al2O3 and 3CaO . SiO2 Rapid
setting but low strengths
2CaO . Al2O3 Slowly during hydration but
higher strengths
•2CaO . Al2O3
Strength
•3CaO . SiO2
•3CaO . Al2O3
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Cements
The concrete is expected 28 days for nearly
complete curing Some additional curing may
continue for years
Types of cement
Type 1: General purpose
Type 2: Low rate of heat generation, moderate
resistance to sulphate
Type 3: Rapid setting
Type 4: Very low rate
of heat generation
Type 5: Good sulphate
resistance
+ =
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Sand
Chemically sand = silica (SiO2)
Fine minerals
The order of 0.1 to 1.0 mm diameter
Contain at least some absorbed water
***
Fill voids between the coarser aggregate
Giving high packing factor
Reducing amount of open (or interconnected) porosity in the
finished concrete
Reducing disintegration of the concrete due to repeated
freezing and thawing during service
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Aggregate
Gravel & Rock
Aggregate must be clean, strong, and durable
Angular aggregate particles provide strength due to
mechanical interlocking between particles
More surface on angular particles may form voids or
cracks
The large size of aggregate is preferred
Aggregate particles should not be larger than about 20%
of the thickness of the structure or it will cause the
holding defect
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Cements Reaction
•Hydration reaction
occur
Cement
3CaO . Al2O3+6H2O ->
Sand Ca3Al2(OH)12 + heat
2CaO . SiO2+xH2O ->
Ca2SiO4 . xH2O + heat
Aggregate
3CaO . SiO2+ (x+1)H2O
Water -> Ca2SiO4 . xH2O
+Ca(OH)12 + heat
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Properties of Concrete
The most importance factors that
influence the properties of concrete
The water cement ratio
The amount of air entrainment
The type of aggregate
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Properties of Concrete
The water cement ratio
Too little water causes low strength
A high water cement ratio
- improve the workability of concrete
** Workability can be measured by slump test
but
- decreases the compressive strength of
concrete
- increases the shrinkage of concrete during
curing & creating a danger of cracking
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Properties of Concrete
The water cement ratio
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Properties of Concrete
The amount of air entrainment
A small amount of air is entrained into concrete
during pouring
1-2.5% (sometimes up to 8%) by volume of the
concrete may be trapped by air
The entrained air
- improves workability of concrete
- minimise problems with shrinkage and freeze
thaw conditions, but
– cause lower strength
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Properties of Concrete
The amount of air entrainment
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Properties of Concrete
The type and amount of aggregate
The size of aggregate affects the
concrete mix
- More water is required for smaller
aggregate
The volume ratio of aggregate in the
concrete is based on the bulk density of
the aggregate
-about 60% of the true density
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Cements Curing and Properties
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Compression vs Tension
Concrete in tension is approximately
10% the strength of concrete in
compression.
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Reinforced and Pre-post-stressed Concrete
Concrete for construction material
Reinforced Concrete
Pre-stressed Concrete
Post-stressed Concrete
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Concrete Construction
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Asphalt
Asphalt is bitumen.
Bitumen is the organic binder,
composed of HC with low melting
point thermoplastic polymers and oils.
Asphalt mix is composite of
aggregate and bitumen.
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Asphalt Mix
The aggregate use as in the concrete
that should be clean and angular.
Aggregate should have distribution
of grain sizes to provide a high
packing factor and good mechanical
interlock between aggregate grains.
A B
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Composite and binder
Binder is just enough for the aggregate particle
to touch, but voids are minimized.
Excess binder is weakening asphalt under load
due to viscous deformation.
When asphalt mix is compress, the binder can
squeeze into voids.
Too much void space permit water to enter the
structure; increase the rate of deterioration of
asphalt and may also embrittle the binder
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Operation of Asphalt Mix
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Asphalt Mix Problem
Asphalt (bitumen) in asphalt mix
soften at relative low temperature
because it is a thermoplastic polymer.
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Asphalt construction
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