ETHICS IN ICT
Prepared by:
ROHANI BINTI HASHIM
M20181001204
DEFINITION
Ethics
• is defined as a set of moral values or principles
that govern the conduct of an individual or a
group.
DEFINITION
ICT
• Refer to Information and Communication Technologies
• Is defined as a diverse set of technological tools and resources
used to communicate and to create, disseminate, store and
manage information.
• (*similar to IT, but focus on communication technology)
OBJECTIVES
• To understand many kinds of ethical issues in
ICT
• To understand the basic concepts of ethics in
ICT Developments
• Pre caution and regulation
PERSPECTIVES
Speed and Scale
• Great amounts of information can be stored, retrieved, and
transmitted at any speed and scale
Unpredictability
• pervasive, touching nearly every aspects of our lives
Complexity
• Computers are incredibly complex, even their creators are not
always understood about the complexity.
ETHICAL ISSUES
COMMON TYPE OF UNETHICAL BEHAVIOUR
• P l a g i a r i s m - Illegal Copy-Paste Activity
-Not inserted the original author, if we use their theory
• Technology Manipulation
– SOUND,PHOTO, VIDEO Manipulation
• Privacy and Data Security.
- transaction through internet
• Less Predictable and Less Reliable
-Virus attack and full internet traffik
ETHICAL ISSUES
• Kavuk, Keser, and Teker (2001) found that the three most
repetitive unethical behaviors of primary students include
using
ready- made homework websites,
participating in friendship websites, and
using pirated software
• The consequences of unethical use of ICT can result in a
wide range of damages and costs to organizations, societies,
and the world.
ETHICAL ISSUES
PAPA Framework (Artichart & Ketsarin, 2015)
Technology-related ethical issues have become increasingly important.
Mason (1986) proposed the principal guidance of ethical issues which can
be categorized by means of the acronym PAPA.
Privacy
• to how much information should be revealed to others and
• the capability of others to access other personal information.
Property
• any belongings or an entity owned by a person that he has rights to
permit or prohibit anyone to use, copy, or transfer.
ETHICAL ISSUES
Accuracy
• the correctness of information kept in the databases or
transferred over the network.
• Who should be responsible for such accuracy or be liable for any
kinds of information errors?
Accessibility
• is the responsibility of data collectors to control access and
• determine what information a person can have the right to obtain
and
• how the information can be used.
FINDING
• (Artichart & Ketsarin, 2015)
• Findings also revealed that attitude and subjective norms
had positive relationships with students’ intention.
• Among the observed PAPA variables, however, privacy
was found to have very low impact on attitude while
accuracy, property, and accessibility were found rather
high.
• It is recommended that future studies should be made
and that it is essential to educate students on the matter
of information ethics.
LEGAL USE OF DIGITAL
MEDIA
• Copyright
• Fair Use
• Creative Commons
Copyright
• Gives creator right to reproduce, distribute, perform and
display his/her work.
• Copyright protection protects the creator from others
stealing ideas as their own and taking money and association
of what is rightfully theirs.
• A teacher must make sure the materials they use in the
classroom are not breaking copyright laws,
• they can do so by purchasing materials from the
creator/publisher or using materials that are marked as
“free” to use in the classroom under whatever rules the
publisher claims.
Fair Use
• Fair use is a doctrine in the United States copyright
law that allows limited use of copyrighted material
without requiring permission from the right holders.
• Four factors to look at: purpose, nature, amount,
effect.
Creative Commons
• Creative Commons' licenses allow others to copy and
distribute the work under specific conditions, and
general descriptions, legal clauses and HTML tags for
search engines are provided for several license options.
• One of the primary uses of a Creative Commons license
is to allow people to copy the material as long as it is
not used for commercial use
FINDING
(Han, Ja &Won, 2014)
Based on the analysis, this study presented three implications
for IE (ICT Ethics) education. These are,
• first, considerations for the moral development of students,
• second, reinforcement of IE education on property and
respect for privacy, whose related problems are difficult to
understand and realize with moral judgment alone, and
• third, the need to develop educational contents based on
the analysis of the characteristics of IE.
IMPLICATIONS
• this study are meaningful in that they consider not only
the necessity of IE education based on the developmental
aspects of learners,
• which is emphasized in general ethics,
• but also the unique characteristics of individual elements
of IE, such as property, privacy, and non-violence.
ENFORCEMENT
DMCA - section 512 (Asp, 2018)
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
• The DMCA was created at a time when the internet was still relatively
new.
• One of the most important sections of the DMCA is section 512, which
provides a safe harbor from liability to internet service providers when
their consumers post copyright-infringing material on their websites.
• Because of section 512, copyright owners who find potentially
infringing content on the internet can petition service providers to
take down the content.
• Digital trade includes end-products like movies and video
games and services such as e-mail.
• Digital trade also enhances the productivity and overall
competitiveness of an economy
• In addition to high tariffs, barriers to digital trade may
include
localization requirements,
cross border data flow limitations,
intellectual property rights (IPR) infringement,
unique standards or burdensome testing,
filtering or blocking, and
cybercrime exposure or state-directed theft of trade
secrets
AGREEMENTS
(Fefer, et. 2017)
• WTO (World Trade Organization) agreements provide limited
treatment of some aspects of digital trade.
• More agreements have begun to address digital trade rules
and barriers more explicitly to varying degrees. .
the potential Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP),
Transatlantic Trade
Investment Partnership (T-TIP),
plurilateral Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA)
FORUMS
Digital trade norms in forums such as
the Group of 20 (G-20),
the Group of 7 (G-7)
the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC),
OECD – Organization for Economics Cooperation
and Development
CONCLUSION
• Copyright has always been a very difficult area of law for
most people to understand.
• With technology rapidly expanding and changing the ways in
which individuals communicate, it has become increasingly
necessary to reformat how all parties, whether they are
copyright holders, website owners, or average consumers,
interact with copyrighted materials online
• Constant vigilance is the only way for the parties with stakes
in the outcome of the copyright system to ensure that their
rights are being protected.
THANK YOU
