HISTORY
OF
BIOLOGY
By: Ms. Maedel Joy Ventura – Escote,
Ph.D.
characterized by uncritical accumulation of
information ,mainly derived from the practical
necessities of obtaining food ,materials for clothing and
PRIMITIVE shelter, substances to cure ailments, and necessary
information about the human body.-accumulation of
PERIOD knowledge was not recorded, nor were there scientific
method and associated intellectual activities.
CLASSICAL PERIOD
began with the Greeks and continued with the Romans
,marked by great curiosity about natural phenomena and
ability to organize biological knowledge and record it.
HIPPOCRATES
Father of Medicine
Stated that diseases have natural causes and the
body has the power to repair itself.
Most significant contributions, studied hearts
and brains of animals
ARISTOTLE
Famous Greek Philosopher “ Greatest
Ancient Scientist
Father of Biology
Pioneered Zoology
First to classify living things
Divided the plants into herbs, shrubs and
trees and animals into land dwellers,
water dwellers and air dwellers
THEOPRASTUS
Carried on the pioneer's studies
on nature of plants
His works are the most
complete biological treaties to
reach us from classical period
GALEN
Last Great Biology of Antiquity
Greek physician who describe the
anatomy of the human body based on
dissections of apes and pigs.
showed that arteries carry blood
His description contained many
errors, however, and were
unchallenged for 1,300 years.
RENAISSANCE PERIOD
took place during the 14th to 16th century curiosity about
the structure of living things were rekindled-by the middle
of renaissance ,anatomy, physiology, botany and zoology
were established.
LEONARDO DA VINCI
AND MICHAEL
ANGELO
Both made accurate
studies in plants and
animals and human
anatomy
ANDREAS VESALIUS
Father of Modern Anatomy
Made the first studies on human
anatomy by dissecting corpses “De
Humani Corporis Fabrica”.
He pioneered the comparative
approach, which is using other
animals to know the function and
organization of a particular
anatomical part of the body.
WILLIAM HARVEY
English physician who showed
conclusively that the heart pumps the
blood and the blood circulates.
He stimulated the development of
anatomy by proving the principle that
structure and function must be studied
together.
gave an accurate account of the
mechanism of the circulatory system
MODERN PERIOD
marked by the introduction of microscope
at the beginning of the 17th century.
ROBERT HOOKE,
MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN,
THEODORE SCHWANN
Formulated / Conceptualized the cell theory
Robert Hooke – First one to look at cell in the
microscope.
Matthias Schleiden – Botanist
He concluded that all plants are made of cell
Theodore Schwann
He concluded that all animals are made of
cells
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
Father of Modern Microscopy
Cloth merchant, was the first to use
the microscope with great
observational and descriptive skills.
His most important discoveries were
microorganisms (including bacteria),
sperm cells and single-celled
organisms called protozoans.
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Father of Taxonomy
Developed binomial nomenclature to
classify and organize plants and
animals
CHARLES DARWIN
The most prominent figure in the history
of biology.
His book “Origin of Species” (1859)
presents the theory of evolution by natural
selection.
His work provided a unifying, organizing
framework for the field of biology.
JEAN – BAPTISTE LAMARCK
INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS
LOUIS The Father of Modern Microbiology
Laid the foundation of Modern
PASTEUR Microbiology
CLAUDE BERNARD AND
JOHANNES MULLER
Established comparative physiology
GOERGES CUVIER
Convinced others that
extinction was a fact
Known as the father of
Comparative anatomy
KARL VON
BAER
Founded comparative
embryology
GREGOR
MENDEL
Father of Genetics
Developed the principles of
heredity by studying the
variation and heredity of seven
pairs of inherited
characteristics in pea plants
HUGO DE
VRIES
Formulated the mutation
theory
Direction: Classify the people and events in the history of biology. Write the letter of your answer in the box.
a. practical necessities k. knowledge was not recorded
b. began with the Greeks l. Aristotle
c. Theodore Schwann m. Galen
d. Louis Pasteur n. Leonardo da Vinci
e. Hippocrates o. establishment of botany and zoology
f. Gregor Mendel p. Introduction of microscope
g. Charles Darwin q. cell theory
h. Andreas Vesalius r. Robert Hooke
i. Blood Circulation in man s. system of nomenclature of Carolus Linnaeus
j. Theoprastus t. Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Primitive Period Classical Period Renaissance Modern Era
BRANCHES OF
BIOLOGY
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ORGANIZATION OF
PLANTS AND
ANIMALS
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CHARACTERISTI
CS OF LIVING
THINGS
CELLULAR ORGANIZATION
Living things counteract the natural
tendency to become disorganized that
comes with time by using energy and
materials, that is, they use energy and
materials to maintain themselves, grow,
reproduce and in general survive.
ORDER
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
Organ system
Organ
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
METABOLISM
Living things must gather and use
energy to maintain order. Food is
taken in, broken down, and
reassembled into new products
useful for growth and maintenance.
MOVEMENT/M Self-propelled motion is a characteristic of
life. This includes motion within cells and
OTILITY the movements of plants (e.g leaves move
toward the light)
Living things respond to
their environment; they
can detect cold, heat, food,
water, etc. and react in way
positive to their survival. It
may be an instantaneous
reaction or a gradual one.
IRRITABILITY/RESPONSIVENESS/
SENSITIVITY
REPRODUCT To overcome the inevitability of dying,
organism make copies of themselves that is
ION
they reproduce – the suite of mechanisms by
which they give rise to new organisms.
Living things tend to grow in size and go
GROWTH AND from simple organisms to complex ones in
their lifetime; eventually they become
DEVELOPMENT parents. These changes from conception to
sexual maturity ( and even to death) are
called development.
ADAPTIVEN Over time genetic modification arise that
allow organisms to cope with their
ESS
environment in special ways called
adaptation.
FEEDING AND
NUTRITION
All living things need to feed
themselves in order to survive.
HEREDITY
All living things share different characteristics tha they pass on to the next generation.
The ability of all living things
to breath, exchange gases
from the environment.
RESPIRATI
ON
The ability of organism to
eliminate waste from the
body to maintain homeostasis
EXCRETIO
N
The following are the characteristics of organism. Identify which of these characteristics is described by
the following statement. Write the letter of your answer.
a. Feeding/Nutrition d. Respiration g. Sensitivity
b. Movement e. Growth and development h. Reproduction
c. Excretion f. Adaptation i. Heredity
j. Order
k. Metabolism
1. During daytime, plant takes in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen 1. _____
2. Cats produce kitten 2. _____
3. We get startled by the sudden sound of thunder 3. _____
4. Organisms become larger 4. _____
5. Fish swim under the sea 5. _____
6. Makahiya leaves fold up when we touch it 6. _____
7. We need to urinate each day to rid our body for toxins 7. _____
8. Cells take in nutrients which it will convert into energy 8. _____
9. When we touch hot object, we feel the pain and pull away instantly 9. _____
10. A baby increase weight at a fast rate. 10. ____
11. African elephants have larger ears than Asian elephants to fan itself 11. ____
and cool off the hot African air temperature.
12. An organism has cell organelles with definite functions. 12. ____
13. The house cat and the tiger have common ancestor. 13. ____
14. Plants are able to transform solar energy into chemical energy to make 14. ____
their food.
15. It takes nine months for a human fertilized egg to become a full-term
baby. 15. ____
16. Pollens containing sperm cell are transferred into the female parts of
the flower. 16. ____
17. The Morning Glory flower blooms in the morning. 17. ____
18. Tissues that work together form an organ. 18. ____
19. A cockroach scurries away to avoid being stepped on by humans. 19. ____
20. A child looks like his parents 20. ____
THEORIES OF
LIFE
DIVINE CREATION
THEORY
This theory states that life is created by an Extra ordinary being
ABIOGENESIS THEORY
A theory stating that life originated from non-living matters.
BIOGENESIS
THEORY
This theory states that life
came from pre-existing
cells
There is a gradual change in the
characteristics of an organism that includes
the genetical make up and physical
characteristics.
Darwin and Lamarck’s concepts further
THEORY OF explained this theory. Evolution explains
patterns in the living world by proposing that
EVOLUTIO the diversity and characteristics of species are
changing through time via descent with
N diversification and modification from
common ancestors.
Evolution is the process of the changing
genetically controlled appearance of
organisms through time
CHEVALIER DE LAMARCK’S
CONCEPT OF EVOLUTION
This explains the descent with modification, the process whereby all living things on Earth
have diverged, by direct descent, from a single origin of life that occurred more than 3, 000
million years ago.
He thought that acquired characteristics arise after the environment changes. That is, a change
in the environment caused a change in the organism.
THEORIES OF LAMARCK
Theory of NEEDS
The gradual change in the characteristics of an organism is contributed by their needs. The need for
food is the reason why giraffe is constantly stretching its neck for it to survive
Theory of USE and DISUSE
The constant stretching of the neck by the giraffe had contributed to the disuse of short neck because
the giraffe frequently uses its long neck in getting its food
Theory of INHERITANCE of ACQUIRED TRAITS
This means that acquired characteristics can be transferred from generation to generation
CHARLES DARWIN’S
NATURAL SELECTION THEORY
This refers to the non-random survival of randomly
varying hereditary units, resulting in the evolution and
maintenance of adaptive improvements.
The Darwinian paradigm uses the theory of Natural
Selection or “ survival of the fittest” as the mechanism for
the evolution and creating diversity.
Overproduction
All living things have the capacity to increase their number of species by reproduction geometrically. But the
supply of the basic needs like food is limited. Because of this, not all organisms that are born will survive.
Struggles for Existence
There is a tendency for all organisms to compete with each other because of very limited supply of food.
Variations of Characters
No two organisms are exactly alike. There are always differences among them. The unfavorable traits are removed,
and the favorable traits are retained and becomes the basis of evolutionary change
Survival of the fittest
Organisms with dominant characteristics have better chances of surviving and increasing their number of species
than those with weak characteristics.
Transmissions of Variations of Characters
Some characteristics are heritable through time. This means that life forms continue to adjust with their
environment
MUTATION THEORY
Environmental mutagens, such as X-rays or radiations;
alcoholism; drugs and pills contribute the sudden change
in the characteristics of an organism that includes the
genetical make up and physical characteristics.
