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Nested Quantifiers: Section 1.4

The document provides an overview of nested quantifiers and how the order of quantifiers is important when they are of different types. It discusses universal and existential quantification using examples with one and two variables. The key points are: - Nested quantifiers involve quantifiers within the scope of other quantifiers. - The order of universal and existential quantifiers is important as it changes the meaning. - An example is provided to illustrate how the truth value changes when the order of the quantifiers is swapped in the statement "for all x, there exists y such that x+y=0".

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Flyingsoul92
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44 views

Nested Quantifiers: Section 1.4

The document provides an overview of nested quantifiers and how the order of quantifiers is important when they are of different types. It discusses universal and existential quantification using examples with one and two variables. The key points are: - Nested quantifiers involve quantifiers within the scope of other quantifiers. - The order of universal and existential quantifiers is important as it changes the meaning. - An example is provided to illustrate how the truth value changes when the order of the quantifiers is swapped in the statement "for all x, there exists y such that x+y=0".

Uploaded by

Flyingsoul92
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Nested Quantifiers

Section 1.4

CSE 2813 Discrete Structures


Recap Section 1.3

• A predicate is generalization of a proposition.


– It is a proposition that contains variables.
• A predicate becomes a proposition if the
variable(s) contained is(are)
– Assigned specific value(s)
– Quantified
• Universe of discourse : the particular
domain of the variable in a propositional
function

CSE 2813 Discrete Structures


Recap Section 1.3

• Universal quantification
– P(x) is true for ALL the values of x in the universe
of discourse.
 x P(x).
– Remember   All.
– “for all x, P(x)”
• If the elements in the universe of discourse can be
listed, U = {x1, x2, …, xn}
x P(x)  P(x1)  P(x2)  …  P(xn)

CSE 2813 Discrete Structures


Recap Section 1.3

• Existential quantification
– P(x) is true FOR SOME x in the universe of
discourse, i.e. EXIST some x
 x P(x)
– Remember,   Exist
– “for some x, P(x)”
• If the elements in the universe of discourse
can be listed, U = {x1, x2, …, xn}
x P(x)  P(x1)  P(x2)  …  P(xn)

CSE 2813 Discrete Structures


Recap Section 1.3

• Universal quantifiers usually take


implications
• All CS students are smart students.
x [C(x)  S(x)]
• Existential quantifiers usually take
conjunctions
• Some CS students are smart students.
x [C(x)  S(x)]

CSE 2813 Discrete Structures


Recap Section 1.3
Summary of quantifiers
 x P(x)
– True when: P(x) is true for every x
– False when: P(x) is false for at least one x.
 x P(x)
– True when: P(x) is true for at least one x
– False when: P(x) is false for every x
• Negation changes a universal to an existential
and vice versa, and negates the predicate
~x P(x)  x ~P(x)
~x P(x)  x ~P(x)

CSE 2813 Discrete Structures


Recap Section 1.3
Quick examples

• (13b) Determine truth value. U={Z}


  n (2n = 3n)
• (16b) Determine truth value U={R}
  n (x2 = -1)

• Exercise 17

CSE 2813 Discrete Structures


Nested Quantifiers

• Quantifiers that occur within the scope


of other quantifiers
• Example:
P(x,y): x + y = 0, U={R}
x y P(x,y)

CSE 2813 Discrete Structures


Quantifications of Two
Variables
• For all pair x,y P(x,y).
xy P(x,y) yx P(x,y)
• For every x there is a y such that P(x,y).
xy P(x,y)
• There is an x such that P(x,y) for all y.
xy P(x,y)
• There is a pair x,y such that P(x,y).
xy P(x,y) yx P(x,y)
CSE 2813 Discrete Structures
Translating statements
with nested quantifiers
• U = {all real numbers}
x y (x + y = y + x)
x y (x + y = 0)
x y ( (x > 0)  (y < 0)  (xy < 0) )
• U = {all students in cs2813}
C(x): x has a computer
F(x,y): x and y are friends
x ( C(x)  y (C(y)  F(x,y)) )

CSE 2813 Discrete Structures


Translating Sentences

• U = {all people}
– If a person is female and is a parent, then
this person is someone’s mother.
• U = {all integers}
– The sum of two positive integers is
positive.

CSE 2813 Discrete Structures


Is the order of quantifiers
important?
• If the quantifiers are of the same type,
then order does not matter
• If the quantifiers are of different types,
then order is important

CSE 2813 Discrete Structures


Example

• U={R}
• Q(x,y): x+y=0
• What are the truth values for
y x Q(x,y) and x y Q(x,y)

y x Q(x,y): There exist at least one y such that for every


real number x, Q(x,y) is true, i.e. x+y=0.
FALSE (not for every, only when y is –x).
But…
x y Q(x,y): For every real number x, there is a real
number y such that Q(x,y) is true, i.e x+y =0.
TRUE (for every x when y is –x)

CSE 2813 Discrete Structures

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