Object Oriented Programming

Course Code: MCSE-5102

Lectures 1

Course Teacher: Md. Mahadi Hassan

Associate Professor, CSE, IIUC

Prepared by MMH1
Contents
 Software, Programming language, Algorithm,
Flowchart
 OOP, Features of OOP
 Classes and Objects
 Difference between Structured Programming and
Object Oriented Programming
 Difference between C/C++/Java
 History of Java
 Local variable, global variable
 etc

2
Software (Program)
 A software or a program can be defined as a
complete set of written instructions written by
the programmers which enables the computer
to obtain the solution of a problem.

3
Classification of Software

4
Open Question
 Some other S/W: Malware, Adware, spyware,
Greyware, Freeware, Shareware, Nagware,
Slimeware, Webware
 Difference between a Virus, Worm and Trojan
Horse?

5
Programming Languages
(Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language)

 Machine language is a set of primitive instructions

built into every computer. The instructions are in the
form of binary code, so you have to enter binary
codes for various instructions. Program with native
machine language is a tedious process. Moreover the
programs are highly difficult to read and modify. For
example, to add two numbers, you might write an
instruction in binary like this:

 1101101010011010

6
Programming Languages
(Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language)

 Assembly languages were developed to make

programming easy. Since the computer cannot
understand assembly language, however, a
program called assembler is used to convert
assembly language programs into machine code.
For example, to add two numbers, you might write
an instruction in assembly code like this:
 ADDF3 R1, R2, R3
Assembly Source File
Machine Code File

…
ADDF3 R1, R2, R3
Assembler …
1101101010011010
…
…

7
Programming Languages
(Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language)

 The high-level languages are English-like and easy

to learn and program. For example, the following is
a high-level language statement that computes the
area of a circle with radius 5:
 area = 5 * 5 * 3.1415;

8
Popular High-Level Languages
 COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language)
 FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation)
 BASIC (Beginner All-purpose Symbolic Instructional Code)
 Pascal (named for Blaise Pascal)
 Ada (named for Ada Lovelace)
 C (whose developer designed B first)
 Visual Basic (Basic-like visual language developed by Microsoft)
 Delphi (Pascal-like visual language developed by Borland)
 C++ (an object-oriented language, based on C)
 C# (a Java-like language developed by Microsoft)
 Java (We use it here)

9
Compiling Source Code
 A program written in a high-level language is called a source
program. Since a computer cannot understand a source program.
Program called a compiler is used to translate the source program
into a machine language program called an object program. The
object program is often then linked with other supporting library
code before the object can be executed on the machine.

Source File Compiler Machine-language

Linker Executable File
File

Library Code

10
What is OOP?
 Modelling real-world objects in software
 Why design applications in this way?
 We naturally classify objects into different types.
 By attempting to do this with software aim to make it
more maintainable, understandable and easier to
reuse
 In a conventional application we typically:
 decompose it into a series of functions,
 define data structures that those functions act upon
 there is no relationship between the two other than the
functions act on the data

11
What is OOP?
 How is OOP different to conventional programming?
 Decompose the application into abstract data types by
identifying some useful entities/abstractions
 An abstract type is made up of a series of behaviours
and the data that those behaviours use.
 Similar to database modelling, only the types have
both behaviour and state (data)

12
Object-Oriented Programming
 There are several concepts underlying OOP:
 Abstract Types (Classes)
 Encapsulation (or Information Hiding)
 Aggregation
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism

13
Abstract Data Types
 Identifying abstract types is part of the modelling/design process
The types that are useful to model may vary according to the
individual application
 For example a payroll system might need to know about
Departments, Employees, Managers, Salaries, etc
 An E-Commerce application may need to know about Users,
Shopping Carts, Products, etc
 Object-oriented languages provide a way to define abstract data
types, and then create objects from them
 It’s a template (or ‘cookie cutter’) from which we can create new objects
 For example, a Car class might have attributes of speed, colour, and
behaviours of accelerate, brake, etc
 An individual Car object will have the same behaviours but its own
values assigned to the attributes (e.g. 30mph, Red, etc)

14
 ----- ----- -----
----- ----- -----
----- ----- -----
----- ----- -----

" C o n v e n t i o n a l P r o g r a m m in g " - -
F u n c t io n s o r P r o c e d u r e s o p e r a t in g o n in d e p e n d e n t d a t a

" O O P r o g r a m m in g " - - 15
A b s t r a c t T y p e s c o m b in e d a t a a n d b e h a v io u r
Encapsulation
 The data (state) of an
object is private – it cannot
be accessed directly.
 The state can only be " T h e D o u g h n u t D ia g r a m "
S h o w in g t h a t a n o b je c t h a s
changed through its p r iv a t e s t a t e a n d p u b lic
behaviour, otherwise b e h a v io u r . S t a t e c a n o n ly b e
c h a n g e d b y in v o k in g s o m e
known as its public b e h a v io u r

interface or contract P r iv a t e D a t a
 This is called
encapsulation
P u b lic I n t e r f a c e

16
Encapsulation
 Main benefit of encapsulation
 Internal state and processes can be changed independently
of the public interface
 Limits the amount of large-scale changes required to a
system

17
What is an OO program?
 What does an OO program consist of?
 A series of objects that use each others behaviours in order
to carry out some desired functionality
 When one object invokes some behaviour of another it
sends it a message
 In Java terms it invokes a method of the other object
 A method is the implementation of a given behaviour.
 OO programs are intrinsically modular
 Objects are only related by their public behaviour (methods)
 Therefore objects can be swapped in and out as required
(e.g. for a more efficient version)
 This is another advantage of OO systems

18
Aggregation
 Aggregation is the ability to create new classes out of existing
classes
 Treating them as building blocks or components
 Aggregation allows reuse of existing code
 “Holy Grail” of software engineering
 Two forms of aggregation
 Whole-Part relationships
 Car is made of Engine, Chassis, Wheels
 Containment relationships
 A Shopping Cart contains several Products
 A List contains several Items

19
Inheritance
 Inheritance is the ability to define a new class in terms of an
existing class
 The existing class is the parent, base or superclass
 The new class is the child, derived or subclass

 The child class inherits all of the attributes and behaviour of its
parent class
 It can then add new attributes or behaviour
 Or even alter the implementation of existing behaviour

 Inheritance is therefore another form of code reuse

20
Polymorphism
 Means ‘many forms’
 Difficult to describe, easier to show, so we’ll look at this one in a
later lesson
 In brief though, polymorphism allows two different classes to
respond to the same message in different ways
 E.g. both a Plane and a Car could respond to a ‘turnLeft’
message,
 however the means of responding to that message (turning
wheels, or banking wings) is very different for each.
 Allows objects to be treated as if they’re identical

21
Summary!
 In OO programming we
 Define classes
 Create objects from them
 Combine those objects together to create an application

 Benefits of OO programming
 Easier to understand (closer to how we view the world)
 Easier to maintain (localised changes)
 Modular (classes and objects)
 Good level of code reuse (aggregation and inheritance)

22
Why Java?
 The answer is that Java enables users to develop
and deploy applications on the Internet for servers,
desktop computers, and small hand-held devices.
The future of computing is being profoundly
influenced by the Internet, and Java promises to
remain a big part of that future. Java is the Internet
programming language.

 Java is a general purpose programming language.

 Java is the Internet programming language.

23
What is Java?
 A general purpose, high-level programming
language with support for object-oriented
programming.
 A collection of wide-ranging application
programming interfaces (APIs).
 A self-contained runtime system.
 A complete set of development tools.

24
Java, Web, and Beyond
 Java can be used to develop Web
applications.
 Java Applets
 Java Web Applications
 Java can also be used to develop
applications for hand-held devices such as
Palm and cell phones

25
Web and many devices..

26
Java is not…
 An internet-only programming language.
 Difficult.
 JavaScript.

27
Java’s Main Features
 Uses virtual machine model to assure true
“write once, run anywhere” programs.
 Built-in support for GUIs.
 Built-in networking.
 Built-in security features.
 Built-in support for multi-threaded
programming.
 Self-documenting.

28
Java applications
 Applets
 Stand-alone programs
 Network servers
 Network clients
 Embedded designs
 Mobile telephones
 Portable Digital Assistants (PDAs)
 Set-top boxes
 Digital Signal Processing (DSP)

29
Java Virtual Machine
 The conventional compiled-code model

source code compiler/ object code

linker (native)

object code

Microprocessor
system
30
Java Virtual Machine
 The virtual machine model

source code compiler/ bytecode

linker

bytecode

Java Virtual Machine

Microprocessor
system
31
Java Virtual Machine
Advantages
 Compiled bytecode can run without
modification on any platform that has a Java
Virtual Machine.
 “Compile once, run anywhere”.

32
Java Virtual Machine
Disadvantages
 Compiled bytecode runs a little slower than
conventional compiled code.
 Advances in JVM technology are closing the
gap.
 Not all low-level system manipulations are
available through standard Java APIs.
 Low-level system manipulations are available
in the form of native (non-Java) extensions.

33
Java Language Features
 Syntax is similar to C++.
 Full support for OOP
 Classes and objects
 Information hiding/access control
 Inheritance, method overriding
 Polymorphism
 Abstract methods and classes
 Interfaces

34
Java Language Features
 Everything that is not a primitive is an object.
 No pointers! Objects are accessed through
reference variables.
 Built-in memory management and garbage
collection.

35
Java API Features
 Support for the essentials
 Classes and objects
 I/O
 Threads
 Applet support
 Conventions used by applets

36
Java API Features
 Graphic User Interface (GUI) support
 Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT)
 Windows, dialogs, file dialogs
 Buttons, checkboxes
 Menus, menu bars
 Scrollbars
 etc.
 New generation GUI toolkit: Swing
 All the above, plus...
 Platform independent and run-time changeable
look-and-feel.
 And more. 37
Java API Features
 Networking
 TCP/IP
 UDP
 URLs
 Internationalization
 Programs can automatically adapt to specific
locales and be displayed in the appropriate
language.

38
Java API Features
 Security
 Electronic signatures
 Public and private key management
 Access control
 Certificates
 Java Database Connectivity (JDBCTM)
 Provides uniform access to a wide range of
relational databases.

39
Java API Features
 The Java platform also has APIs for
 2D and 3D graphics
 Accessibility
 Servers
 Collaboration
 Telephony
 Speech
 Animation
 and more.

40
Benefits of Programming in Java
 Get started quickly
Although the Java programming language is a
powerful object-oriented language, it's easy to learn,
especially for programmers already familiar with C or
C++.
 Write less code
Comparisons of program metrics suggest that a
program written in the Java programming language
can be four times smaller than the same program in
C++.

41
Benefits of Programming in Java
 Write better code
 The Java programming language encourages
good coding practices.
 Garbage collection helps you avoid memory
leaks.
 Its object orientation and wide-ranging, easily
extendible API let you reuse other people's
tested code and introduce fewer bugs.

42
Benefits of Programming in Java
 Develop programs faster
Development time may be as much as twice as fast
compared to writing the same program in C++
because you write fewer lines of code and it is a
simpler programming language than C++.

43
Benefits of Programming in Java
 Avoid platform dependencies.
You can keep your program portable by avoiding the
use of libraries written in other languages and native
methods.
 Write once, run anywhere.
Because 100% pure Java programs are compiled
into machine-independent bytecodes, they run
consistently on any Java platform.

44
Benefits of Programming in Java
 Distribute software more easily.
Upgrade applets easily from a central server. Applets
take advantage of the feature of allowing new classes
to be loaded "on the fly," without recompiling the
entire program.

45
History of Java
 James Gosling and Sun Microsystems
 Oak
 Java, May 20, 1995, Sun World
 HotJava - The first Java-enabled Web browser
 Early History Website:

http://java.sun.com/features/1998/05/birthday.html

46
 Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

47
 Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple Java is partially modeled on C++, but greatly
 Java Is Object-Oriented simplified and improved. Some people refer to
 Java Is Distributed Java as "C++--" because it is like C++ but
with more functionality and fewer negative
 Java Is Interpreted
aspects.
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

48
 Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple Java is inherently object-oriented.
 Java Is Object-Oriented Although many object-oriented languages
 Java Is Distributed began strictly as procedural languages,
Java was designed from the start to be
 Java Is Interpreted
object-oriented. Object-oriented
 Java Is Robust programming (OOP) is a popular
 Java Is Secure programming approach that is replacing
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral traditional procedural programming
 Java Is Portable
techniques.
 Java's Performance
One of the central issues in software
 Java Is Multithreaded development is how to reuse code. Object-
 Java Is Dynamic oriented programming provides great
flexibility, modularity, clarity, and
reusability through encapsulation,
inheritance, and polymorphism.

49
 Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple Distributed computing involves several
 Java Is Object-Oriented computers working together on a network.
 Java Is Distributed Java is designed to make distributed
computing easy. Since networking
 Java Is Interpreted
capability is inherently integrated into
 Java Is Robust Java, writing network programs is like
 Java Is Secure sending and receiving data to and from a
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral file.
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

50
 Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple You need an interpreter to run Java
 Java Is Object-Oriented programs. The programs are compiled into
 Java Is Distributed the Java Virtual Machine code called
bytecode. The bytecode is machine-
 Java Is Interpreted
independent and can run on any machine
 Java Is Robust that has a Java interpreter, which is part of
 Java Is Secure the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

51
 Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple Java compilers can detect many problems
 Java Is Object-Oriented that would first show up at execution time
 Java Is Distributed in other languages.
 Java Is Interpreted
Java has eliminated certain types of error-
 Java Is Robust prone programming constructs found in
 Java Is Secure other languages.
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
Java has a runtime exception-handling
feature to provide programming support
 Java's Performance
for robustness.
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

52
 Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
Java implements several security
 Java Is Secure mechanisms to protect your system against
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
harm caused by stray programs.
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

53
 Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable Write once, run anywhere
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded With a Java Virtual Machine (JVM),
 Java Is Dynamic you can write one program that will
run on any platform.

54
 Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
Because Java is architecture neutral,
 Java Is Multithreaded
Java programs are portable. They can
 Java Is Dynamic be run on any platform without being
recompiled.

55
 Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
Java’s performance Because Java is
 Java Is Multithreaded
architecture neutral, Java programs
 Java Is Dynamic are portable. They can be run on any
platform without being recompiled.

56
 Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic Multithread programming is smoothly
integrated in Java, whereas in other
languages you have to call procedures
specific to the operating system to enable
multithreading.
57
 Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
Java was designed to adapt to an evolving
 Java Is Dynamic environment. New code can be loaded on the
fly without recompilation. There is no need for
developers to create, and for users to install,
major new software versions. New features can
be incorporated transparently as needed.
58
 A Simple Java Program

//This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

Welcome

Run

59
Creating and Editing Using NotePad
To use NotePad, type
notepad Welcome.java
from the DOS prompt.

60
Creating and Editing Using WordPad
To use WordPad, type
write Welcome.java
from the DOS prompt.

61
 Creating, Compiling, and Running
Programs
Create/Modify Source Code

Source code (developed by the programmer)

Saved on the disk
public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); Source Code
}
}

Compile Source Code

Byte code (generated by the compiler for JVM i.e., javac Welcome.java
to read and interpret, not for you to understand)
…
Method Welcome() If compilation errors
0 aload_0 stored on the disk
…
Bytecode
Method void main(java.lang.String[])
0 getstatic #2 …
3 ldc #3 <String "Welcome to
Java!">
5 invokevirtual #4 …
8 return Run Byteode
i.e., java Welcome

Result
62
If runtime errors or incorrect result
 Compiling Java Source Code
You can port a source program to any machine with appropriate compilers.
The source program must be recompiled, however, because the object
program can only run on a specific machine. Nowadays computers are
networked to work together. Java was designed to run object programs on
any platform. With Java, you write the program once, and compile the source
program into a special type of object code, known as bytecode. The bytecode
can then run on any computer with a Java Virtual Machine, as shown below.
Java Virtual Machine is a software that interprets Java bytecode.

Java Bytecode

Java Virtual
Machine

Any
Computer

63
 Trace a Program Execution
Enter main method

//This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

64
 Trace a Program Execution
Execute statement

//This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

65
 Trace a Program Execution

//This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

print a message to the

console
66
 Compiling and Running Java
from the Command Window
 Set path to JDK bin directory
 set path=c:\Program Files\java\jdk1.6.0\bin
 Set classpath to include the current directory
 set classpath=.
 Compile
 javac Welcome.java
 Run
 java Welcome

67
 Compiling and Running Java from
TextPad
 See Supplement II.A on the Website for details

68
Sample Problems:
 Write a program to display “Hello World”
 Write a program to find the addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division of two integers A and B.
 Write a program to read a length in inch scale and
convert it in the centimeter scale.
 Write a program to convert a temperature reading in
degree Fahrenheit to degree Celsius scale using the
formula: C = (5/9)* (F-32)
 Write a program to read the radius of a circle and
calculate its area and circumference.
 X, Y, Z are the marks of a student. Write a program to
find the total and average marks of the student.

69