Lesson 13

Indeterminate Forms
OBJECTIVES:

• to define, determine, enumerate the different

x 2  4 x  3 ( 1 ) 2  4( 1 )  3 0
lim  
x 1 x 1 11 0
the limit is an indeterminate form, and for the linit to exist, we factor the numerator as follows :

lim
x2  4x  3
 lim
 x - 1 x  3 
 lim  x - 3   1  3  2
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1

x2  4x  3
thus , lim  2
x 1 x 1
 .

sin 2x
Let us consider evaluating the lim
x 0 2x
sin 2x sin 2( 0 ) sin( 0 ) 0
lim   
x 0 2x 2( 0 ) 0 0
Obviously, the principle applied in the previous problems can no
longer be applied to the second example.
To evaluate the said limit Theorems on L' Hopital' s Rule is will be used.
. Kinds of indeterminate forms :
A. Primary Forms :
0
1. and
0

2.

B. Secondary Forms :
3. 0  
4.  -  and

5. 0 ,  , 1
0 0
.
.
EXAMPL
ES:
Evaluate the following limits
sin 2x
1. lim
x0 2x
sin 2x sin 2(0) sin( 0) 0
lim   
x 0 2x 2(0) 0 0
By u sin g L' Hopital' s Rule :
d
sin 2x
 sin 2x   cos 2 x  2  2 cos 2( 0 )  cos 0  1
lim  lim dx  lim
2x d 2( 1 ) 2
 2x 
x 0 x 0 x 0

dx
sin 2x
 lim 1
x 0 2x
 tany - 3y
. 2. lim
y0 y - sin3y
tany - 3y tan(0) - 3(0) 0  0 0
lim   
y 0 y - sin3y (0) - sin3(0) 0  0 0

By LHR
d
tany - 3y
 tany - 3y  sec 2 y  3( 1 )  sec0   3
2
lim  lim dx  lim 
y 0 y - sin3y y 0 d y 0 1 - (cos3y)3 1 - 3cos0
 y - sin3y 
dx
1 3  2
  1
1 3  2
tany - 3y
 lim 1
y 0 y - sin3y
 ln  sin2x 
3. lim.
x

4
  4 x 2
   
ln  sin2  ln  sin 
ln  sin2x   4  2 0
lim   
 
2 2
x

  4x    0 0
  4 4
4
 

By LHR
d 1
ln  sin2x  ( cos 2 x )2
ln  sin2x 
lim  lim dx  lim sin2x

    2  d  2   4 x ( 4 )
x
4
4 x x
4   4 x 2 x
4
dx
 
2cot2 2cot
2cot2x 4 2 0
 lim    
  8   4 x     8 0 
x  0
4  8   4 
 4
This is still in det er min ate
Thus we repeat LHR
d d2
ln  sin2x ln  sin2x
ln  sin2x dx d2x
lim  lim  lim
x

4
   4 x  2
x
 d
4    4 x  2 x

4
d2
   4 x  2

dx d2x
d
 2cot2x 
2  csc 2 2x 2   4 csc 2 2x
 lim dx  lim  lim
d  
  8   4 x   x  4 8( 4 ) 32
  
x x
4 4
dx
2
1 1  1 2 1
 lim - csc 2 2 x    csc 2     1  
x
 8 8 4 8 8
4

ln  sin2x  1
 lim  
x

4
  4 x 2 8
 . x2
4. lim x
x   e

lim
x2

   2


x   ex e 
By LHR

2
x
d 2
dx
x  2x 2     
lim x  lim  lim x   
x   e x   d

dx
 
ex
x   e ( 1 ) e 

Re peat LHR

x 2
d 2
dx
x   d2 2
d 2x
 
x d
 2x 2( 1 ) 2 2
lim  lim  lim   lim dx  lim x    0
x   e x x   d
    d x
  
2
x   d x   x   e ( 1 ) e
ex e x e
dx 2
d x dx

x2
lim 0
x   e x
 ln cos 3x
5. lim
x
 ln tan. 3x
6

  Note :
ln cos 3 ln cos
ln cos 3x 2  ln  0   - 
ln  1  0
lim  6 
x
 ln tan 3x   ln    
ln tan 3 ln tan
ln     
6
6 2
Apply LHR
ln  0   
d 1
ln cos 3x
 ln cos 3x   sin 3 x  3
lim  lim dx  lim cos3x
x
 ln tan 3x
6
x

6
d
dx


tan 3 x

 ln tan 3x x 6 1 sec 2 3 x 3 
sin2 3x
-3tan3x  tan2 3x  cos2 3x
 lim  lim      lim
x
  1  2 x 

 sec 2
3x  x 1
6 3  sec 3x 6 6
 tan3x  cos2 3x ln cos 3x
Therefore lim  1
2  ln tan 3x
  x

 sin3x 
2 6
 lim    sin3   1
x

 6
6