Evolution of the Training Profession

Carter Clark-Adams
University of Phoenix
AET 570: Program Development in Adult
Education
Dr. Charity Jennings
September 21, 2020
Evolution of the Training Profession
Carter Clark-Adams ~ University of Phoenix ~ AET 570: Program Development in Adult Education ~ Dr. Charity Jennings ~ September 21, 2020

Much like many things, the training profession has its humble

beginnings. As time has progressed, the training profession has incorporated

theories, programs, instructional strategies and technology to enhance the

learning experience. Let us journey through time to explore the evolution of

the training profession.

 Evolution of the Training Profession
Carter Clark-Adams ~ University of Phoenix ~ AET 570: Program Development in Adult Education ~ Dr. Charity Jennings ~ September 21, 2020

“Scientific management approach is an art of knowing Job instructor program, also known as “job instructor
exactly what you want your men to do and seeing that training (JIT), is a systematic, fast and effective method
they do it in the best and cheapest way” (Taylor, 2020, for teaching workers to do a job correctly and safely”
para. 3). (AG-Safety, 2020, para. 3).

Taylor’s Scientific Management Job Instructor Program

WWII

Train-the-Trainer ASTD
“The Train-the-Trainer model is intended to engage “ASTD (American Society for Training &
master trainers in coaching new trainers that are less Development) is the world’s largest association
experienced with a particular topic or skill, or with dedicated to workplace learning and performance
training overall” (CDC, 2019, para. 1). professionals. The organization started in 1943”
(ALAStore, n.d., para. 1).
 Evolution of the Training Profession
Carter Clark-Adams ~ University of Phoenix ~ AET 570: Program Development in Adult Education ~ Dr. Charity Jennings ~ September 21, 2020

“Behaviorism is a theory of learning, which states all

behaviors are learned through interaction with the
This is the beginning of HR training. In this training, environment through a process called conditioning”
leadership of organizations were trained in psychology. (McLeod, 2017, para. 1).

HR and Psychology Skinner’s Behaviorism

1950’s

Individualized Instruction Bloom’s Taxonomy

“Individualized instruction focuses on the needs of the “Originally published in 1956, Bloom’s Taxonomy is a
individual student. Teaching is specific and targets one classification system used to define and distinguish
need at a time” (Osewalt, 2020, para. 5). different levels of human cognition, such as thinking,
learning and understanding” (The Glossary of
Education Reform, 2014, para. 1).
 Evolution of the Training Profession
Carter Clark-Adams ~ University of Phoenix ~ AET 570: Program Development in Adult Education ~ Dr. Charity Jennings ~ September 21, 2020

“Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children

move through four different stages of mental development. His theory
This was the beginning of organizations creating measuring tools to focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge,
properly evaluate the objectives of an organization and how well the but also on understanding the nature of intelligence” (Gans, 2020,
objectives line up with the organization’s approach to training. para. 1).

Measurement Piaget’s Cognitive Development

1960’s

Organization Development
“Organizational Development (OD) is a dynamic values-based
approach to systems change in organizations and communities; it
strives to build the capacity to achieve and sustain a new desired state
that benefits the organization or community and the world around
them” (Island94.org, 2010, para. 1).
 Evolution of the Training Profession
Carter Clark-Adams ~ University of Phoenix ~ AET 570: Program Development in Adult Education ~ Dr. Charity Jennings ~ September 21, 2020

“A socio-technical system (STS) is one that considers “Case method 1 teaching is an active form of
requirements spanning hardware, software, personal, and instruction that focuses on a case and involves
community aspects. It applies an understanding of the social students learning by doing. Cases are real or
structures, roles and rights (the social sciences) to inform invented stories that include ‘an educational
the design of systems that involve communities of people message’ or recount events, problems, dilemmas,
and technology. Examples of STSs include emails, blogs, theoretical or conceptual issue that requires
and social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter” analysis and/or decision-making” (Columbia
(Interaction Design Foundation, n.d., para. 1). CTL, n.d., para. 3).

Sociotechnical Systems Case Method

1970’s
Sensitivity Training Knowles’ Adult Learning Theory
“Sensitivity training is an effective solution in situations where an “Knowle’s adult learning theory emphasizes that adults
employee has demonstrated inappropriate or disrespectful behavior in are self-directed and expect to take responsibility for
the workplace, particularly when conduct violates the organization’s decisions. It focuses on the following: (1) Adults need to
policies relating to workplace harassment, discrimination, violence, know why they need to learn something; (2) Adults need
codes of conduct, etc. It provides a supportive environment to help to learn experientially; (3) Adults approach learning as
employees and leaders understand concerns about their actions, and problem-solving; and (4) Adults learn best when the
the impact their behavior can have on other members in the topic is of immediate value (InstructionalDesign.org,
workplace” (Morneau Shepell, 2020, para. 1). 2020, para. 1-2).
 Evolution of the Training Profession
Carter Clark-Adams ~ University of Phoenix ~ AET 570: Program Development in Adult Education ~ Dr. Charity Jennings ~ September 21, 2020

“Empowerment is based on the idea “Adventure learning (AL) is an

that providing employees with the approach for the design of digitally-
resources, authority, opportunity, and enhanced teaching and learning
“Behavior modeling is the precise motivation to do their work, as well as environments driven by a framework
demonstration of the desired behavior. holding them accountable for their of guidelines grounded on experiential
According to the theory, we learn not actions, will make employees happier and inquiry- based education”
only by doing but by watching what and more proficient” (Smarp, 2020, (Veletsianos & Kleanthous, 2009, p.
others do (Fritscher, 2020, para. 1). para. 3), 84).

Behavior Modeling Empowerment Adventure Learning

1980’s

Teamwork Diversity Trainer Competence

Businesses apply Bruce Tuckman’s “The goals of diversity training in the “A competency model is a framework
teamwork theory to their workplace is to raise awareness of the for defining the skill and knowledge
organizational practices and start the value of collaborating with people of requirements of a job. It is a collection
4-step process of “forming, storming different cultures, races, genders, of competencies that jointly define
(meshing with teammates), norming ethnicities, beliefs, experiences and successful job performance” (Training
(team creates norms, rules and ideas” (Traliant, 2020, para. 4). Industry, 2020, para. 1).
expectations) and performing” (The
Happy Manager, 2020, para. 1-17).
 Evolution of the Training Profession
Carter Clark-Adams ~ University of Phoenix ~ AET 570: Program Development in Adult Education ~ Dr. Charity Jennings ~ September 21, 2020

“Computer Based Learning, sometimes abbreviated CBL, refers to the

use of computers as a key component of the educational environment.
While this can refer to the use of computers in a classroom, the term
more broadly refers to a structured environment in which computers
are used for teaching purposes” (K12 Academics, 2020, para. 1).

Computer-based Training

1990’s

eLearning
“eLearning is learning utilizing electronic technologies to access
educational curriculum outside of a traditional classroom”
(eLearningNC, 2020, para. 1).
 Evolution of the Training Profession
Carter Clark-Adams ~ University of Phoenix ~ AET 570: Program Development in Adult Education ~ Dr. Charity Jennings ~ September 21, 2020

“Succession planning is a process that allows

Organizations relied more on quantitative firms to identify and develop internal “Professional Development is a career-long
measurements when evaluating goals and candidates with a clear objective to fill process in which educators fine-tune their
objectives and relied less on qualitative senior-level positions as and when they teaching to meet student needs” (Diaz-
measurements. become available” (IMD, n.d., para. 12). Maggioli, 2020, para. 5).

Measurement Methods Succession Planning Professional Development

2000’s

Leadership Development Retention

“Leadership development refers to activities Organizations realized that training was
that improve the skills, abilities and important in retaining employees. Through
confidence of leaders” (HRZone, 2020, para. training, organizations cultivated talents and
1). abilities, which causes growth within the
company.
Evolution of the Training Profession
Carter Clark-Adams ~ University of Phoenix ~ AET 570: Program Development in Adult Education ~ Dr. Charity Jennings ~ September 21, 2020

Auntie Anne’s/Fresh Dining Concepts

Auntie Anne’s/Fresh Dining Concepts uses computer-based learning for

professional development. The organization uses PlayerLync as the training

system. PlayerLync offers videos that are no more than 3 minutes long and

provides training videos, checklists, policies and procedures; and recipes.

Evolution of the Training Profession
Carter Clark-Adams ~ University of Phoenix ~ AET 570: Program Development in Adult Education ~ Dr. Charity Jennings ~ September 21, 2020

Auntie Anne’s/Fresh Dining Concepts

•What type of training was presented?
•The type of training that was presented was a computer-based skills training where crewmembers were trained on
making pretzel products using recipes designed by Auntie Anne’s.

•Did it meet the learning needs of the professionals attending?

•Yes, the training met the needs of the professionals attending. The professionals attending were all crewmembers of the
same store and was in need of either learning or reviewing the procedures of making pretzel products.

•How could the session be improved to include best practices?

•The session could be improved to include best practices such as social learning. The session could have benefited from
allowing the crewmembers to be grouped in teams and to practice making pretzels in a team effort. The teams could learn
from one another and provide feedback to improve technique.

•How might those who plan training programs be supportive of each other's efforts?
•Those who plan training programs can be supportive of each other’s effort by collaborating together and planning
together. They can become a part of each other’s personal learning network and continue to provide feedback to one
another that is constructive.
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