Introduction to Artificial
Intelligence
Aiza Shabir
Lecturer
Institute of CS&IT
The Women University Multan.
1
Contents
Artificial Intelligence
Characterstics of AI Program
Categories of System
Turing Test
Foundations of AI
Views of AI Goals
Components of AI Programs
Sub-areas of AI
Applications
Latest Perception of AI
2
Artificial Intelligence
Modeling human cognition or mental faculty
using computers
Study of making computers do things which
at the moment people better
Making computers do things which require
intelligence
3
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer
science that attempts to build computers
much more intelligent. Learning is one of the
essential necessities for any intellectual
behavior.
4
More Formal Definition of AI
AI is a branch of computer science which is
concerned with the study and creation of
computer systems that exhibit
some form of intelligence
OR
those characteristics which we associate
with intelligence in human behavior
5
AI is a broad area consisting of
different fields, from machine vision,
expert systems to the creation of
machines that can "think".
In order to classify machines as
"thinking", it is necessary to define
intelligence.
6
What is Intelligence?
Intelligence is a property of mind that
encompasses many related mental abilities,
such as the capabilities to
reason
plan
solve problems
think abstractly
comprehend ideas and language and
learn
7
Characteristics of AI systems
learn new concepts and tasks
reason and draw useful conclusions about
the world around us
remember complicated interrelated facts and draw
conclusions from them (inference)
understand a natural language or perceive
and comprehend a visual scene
look through cameras and see what's there
(vision), to move themselves and objects around
in the real world (robotics)
8
Contd..
plan sequences of actions to complete a goal
offer advice based on rules and situations
may not necessarily imitate human senses and
thought processes
but indeed, in performing some tasks differently, they
may actually exceed human abilities
capable of performing intelligent tasks effectively
and efficiently
perform tasks that require high levels of intelligence
9
Understanding of AI
AI techniques and ideas seem to be
harder to understand than most things in
computer science
AI shows best on complex problems for
which general principles don't help much,
though there are a few useful general
principles
10
Artificial intelligence is also difficult to
understand by its content.
Boundaries of AI are not well defined.
Often it means the advanced software
engineering, sophisticated software
techniques for hard problems that can't be
solved in any easy way.
AI programs - like people - are usually not
perfect, and even make mistakes.
11
It often means, nonnumeric ways of solving
problems, since people can't handle
numbers well.
Nonnumeric ways are generally "common
sense" ways, not necessarily the best ones.
Understanding of AI also requires an
understanding of related terms such as
intelligence, knowledge, reasoning,
thought, cognition, learning, and a number
of other computer related terms.
12
Categories of AI System
Systems that think like humans
Systems that act like humans
Systems that think rationally
Systems that act rationally
13
Systems that think like humans
Most of the time it is a black box where we are
not clear about our thought process.
One has to know functioning of brain and its
mechanism for possessing information.
It is an area of cognitive science.
The stimuli are converted into mental representation.
Cognitive processes manipulate representation to build
new representations that are used to generate actions.
Neural network is a computing model for
processing information similar to brain.
14
Systems that act like humans
The overall behaviour of the system
should be human like.
It could be achieved by observation.
15
Systems that think rationally
Such systems rely on logic rather than human to
measure correctness.
For thinking rationally or logically, logic formulas
and theories are used for synthesizing outcomes.
For example,
given John is a human and all humans are mortal then
one can conclude logically that John is mortal
Not all intelligent behavior are mediated by logical
deliberation.
16
Systems that act rationally
Rational behavior means doing right thing.
Even if method is illogical, the observed
behavior must be rational.
17
The Turing Test
Turing proposed operational test for intelligent
behavior in 1950.
Human
Human ?
Interrogator
AI system
18
Thank You!
19