HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT
ARVIE JOHN D. INDERES
BSCE III B
HORIZONTAL TANGENTS
- described in terms of their lengths and their directions.
DIRECTIONS MAY BE EITHER EXPRESSED AS
- Bearings - - - - - - - - - - - - expressed as angles turned clockwise from due north
- Azimuth - - - - - - - - - - - - expressed as angles turned either clockwise or counterclockwise from either north or south
CIRCULAR CURVES
Horizontal curves are normally circular.
The arc definition is the Horizontal curves are described by…
angle subtended by a 100 ft arc. • radius (R),
• central angle (Δ),
The chord definition is • length (L),
the angle subtended by a 100 ft • semi tangent distance (T),
chord. • middle ordinate (M),
• external distance (E), and
• chord (C).
The curve begins at the tangent-to-
curve point (TC) and ends at the curve-
to-tangent point (CT).
CIRCULAR CURVES
The relationship between radius (in feet) and degree of curvature (arc definition) is
where D degree of curvature and R radius of curvature,
in feet.
The length of a circular curve is given by
where Δ is the central angle of the curve; Δrad refers to
measured in radians
The semi tangent T of a circular curve is given by
The middle ordinate M is given by
The external distance E is given by
CIRCULAR CURVES
- are usually laid out in the field by occupying the tangent-to-
curve point TC with a transit and then establishing successive
points by turning deflection angles and measuring chords.
The chord C is given by The deflection angle in radians
dx to a point on the curve at a
distance x from the TC is given
by
The chord cx to this point is
given by
CIRCULAR CURVES
CIRCULAR CURVES
The relationship between the
radius of curvature R, the
setback distance m, and the
sight distance s is given by
…where the angles in the
formulas are measured in
degrees
TRANSITION CURVES
- used to connect tangents to circular curves. Several forms of
curve have been used for this purpose.
• The distance from the TS to • if the spiral angle is measured
any point on the curve is L at the SC, it is referred to as
• if L is measured for the entire θs.
distance from the TS to the • The distance along the
SC, it is referred to as Ls. extended tangent from the TS
• the angle between the tangent to a point opposite that at
and a line tangent to the spiral which the circular curve is
at any distance L is referred to tangent to the offset tangents
as the spiral angle θ is referred to as k,
• the distance from this point to
the P.I. as T
• The length of the circular
portion of the curve is Lc,
• the coordinates of any point on
the spiral, measured relative to
the tangent, are X and Y
TRANSITION CURVES
Since the spiral is defined as the curve such that The spiral angle θ is given by
the reciprocal of the radius varies Linearly from
zero at the TS to 1Rc at the SC, In particular,
or The coordinates X and Y of any point on the
spiral may be expressed as functions of L:
And,
Other measurements of interest are…
TRANSITION CURVES
the deflection angle d is and the chord c is
SUPERELEVATION
ARVIE JOHN D. INDERES
SUPERELEVATION
- The purpose of superelevation or banking of curves is to
counteract the centripetal acceleration produced as a vehicle
rounds a curve.
- The term itself comes from railroad practice, where the top of
the rail is the profile grade.
SUPERELEVATION
Forces are represented by two components: Summing forces parallel to the roadway
the normal forces N1 and N2 and the lateral gives
forces F1 and F2.
For highway vehicles F1 and F2 are friction forces, so
Defining a factor f so that
where µ is the coefficient of friction between the tires and
the roadway
and noting that
SUPERELEVATION
Equation
may be rewritten as
Dividing by W cos u leads to
SUPERELEVATION
Values of f recommended
by AASHTO are conservative
relative to the actual friction
factor between the tires and the
roadway under most conditions,
and vary with design speed.
SUPERELEVATION
SUPERELEVATION
There is a tradeoff between
the maximum rate of
superelevation and the minimum
curve radius permitted at any
design speed. AASHTO
recommends the minimum curve
radii.
SUPERELEVATION
Figure 4.18 is an example
superelevation diagram, showing
the transition from normal crown
with 2 percent cross-slopes to 6
percent superelevation for a
roadway with a spiral transition
curve.
SUPERELEVATION
Figure 4.19 is the
alternative form of the diagram,
assuming a two-lane highway
with 3.6 m lanes.
SUPERELEVATION
Figure 4.20 presents an
interpretation of the
superelevation diagram, showing
the appearance of the cross
section at intervals through the
transition.
SUPERELEVATION
The distance marked L, which runs from the point The distance from the point at which the outside
at which the outside half of the roadway is at zero half of the roadway first begins to rotate to the TS is
cross-slope to the P.I. at full superelevation ,is called referred to as tangent runoff.
superelevation runoff.
SUPERELEVATION
In the case of railways, the minimum spiral length may
be established by the need to limit the rate of increase of
centripetal acceleration in the spiral, which leads to the
following formula:
SUPERELEVATION
Thus the difference in grade
between the centerline and the edge is
Since the criterion that the difference in
grade not exceed 1200 implies that
L is given by
L is normally rounded up to some
convenient length, such as a multiple of
20 m.
SUPERELEVATION
SOLUTION
REFERENCES
OBTAINED BY
ARVIE JOHN D. INDERES
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