Presentation on Single phase Grid

connected rooftop integrated solar

system

Presented By

Proshomito Saha ( ID: 2015338505)

Afif Abdullah ( ID: 2015338514)
MD. Rafiqul Islam ( ID: 2015338549)
Objectives of our focus:

 Environment friendly Cost effective energy production.

 To reduce the Carbon dioxide in the environment.
 To make the grid system more reliable.
 To ensure the uninterrupted supply of electricity.
 To ensure the best use of Solar energy.
Photovoltaic (PV) Cell

 A PV cell can be modelled by five elements. It consists of a current

source in parallel with a diode and shunt resistance in series with a
series resistance. PV cells have non-linear properties as they are
formed from a p-n junction. In order to understand the electronic
behavior of the PV cell, it is useful to create an equivalent circuit
based on electrical components whose behaviors are well known.
Such an equivalent circuit is shown Figure 1. The light generated
current source IL represents charge carrier generation in the
semiconductor caused by incident sun radiation on the surface of the
PV. The shunt diode represents recombination of these charge
carriers at a high forward-bias voltage. The shunt resistor Rsh allows
high-current paths through the semiconductor.
PV panel:
The light generated current source IL represents charge
carrier generation in the semiconductor caused by
incident sun radiation on the surface of the PV. The
shunt diode represents recombination of these charge
carriers at a high forward-bias voltage. The shunt
resistor Rsh allows high-current paths through the
semiconductor.
PV Electrical model of a PV cell :

From Figure 1, the PV output current I is represented by the equation given by,

I = IL - ID – ISH ………………………….. (1)

and the diode voltage, VD from Figure 1 is given by

VD = VPV + RSH I . .......................... (2)

PV Electrical model of a PV cell :
The diode current ID is
ID = Isat [exp ( 𝑉 / nVT ) – 1 ] …………….. (3)
D

where VT is given by
VT = KT * nI* Ncell ………………………. (4)
The variables used in equation 1.3 and 1.4 are defined as:
ID diode current (A),
VD diode voltage (V),
Isat diode saturation current (A),
nI diode ideality factor,
k is the Boltzman constant = 1.3806 x 10 -23 J.K-1,
q is the electron charge C,
T is the cell temperature (K),
Ncell is number of cells connected in series in a module.
I-V & P-V characteristics curve of PV:

I-V curve and Power-Voltage curve of PV cell

Grid Connected PV Inverter System:

Grid connected PV systems are designed to operate in parallel

with the utility grid. The main component in a grid connected
PV system is the inverter. It converts direct current (DC) into
AC power consistent with the voltage and power of the grid.
Nowadays DGS use current regulated PWM voltage source
inverters (VSI) for synchronizing the grid with the DG source in
order to support grid stability.
PV Two- Stage Converter:
In order to improve the power capabilities and design, DC/DC
converters, which perform MPPT for each PV string can be
connected in the middle between the PV modules and the
DC/AC inverter. The system shown has its point of common
coupling at the AC terminal. As shown in Figure 4, the two
stage converter has a DC/DC converter can be used for
stepping up or stepping down the output voltage from the PV
output if necessary based on the application of the system.
The output from the DC/DC converter in this configuration
can be either a low ripple DC voltage, or a modulated current
that follows a rectified sine wave.
PV Two- Stage Converter:

Two stage PV converter connected to the grid

DC-DC CONVERTER WITH MPPT CONTROL :

The maximum power (MP) is obtained when the solar panel is being
operated at the voltage where the global maximum of the P-V
characteristic lies. It shows that for one specific operating point, the
maximum power output can be obtained from the solar panel. This
point in the P-V characteristic curve is called the Maximum Power Point
(MPP). This point lies always on the knee of the I-V curve of the solar
panel. In summary it can be concluded that on the I-V curve of the solar
panel there is a point called MPP(Maximum power point) which always
occurs on the knee of the curve where the generated PV power is
maximized.
DC-DC CONVERTER WITH MPPT
CONTROL :

A DC-DC BUCK Boost converter is used to drawn maximum power output from the
pv panel.
Perturb & observe:

MPP position is constantly being changed. This MPP changes with the change of
the irradiation and temperature and the load of the system. The irradiation and
temperature are dynamic in nature, therefore the MPP tracking algorithm has to
be working practically in real time by updating the duty cycle constantly and
thereby keeping the speed and accuracy of tracking .Here perturb and observe
algorithm is used for maximum power output from PV module.
Perturb & observe:
Perturb and observe algorithm are shown below:
Output of pv module I-V & P-V curve
with mppt technique:
Control Strategies of Grid tie inverters

 The common techniques for output control for a single phase VSI are the
predictive, hysteresis band PWM, and sinusoidal pulse width modulation
control (SPWM).
 Switching Circuit

A full H-bridge inverter with SPWM switching technique was used for the
switching technique for the inverter design in this thesis as shown in Figure .5.
The inverter uses IGBTs as the switching devices. The two PWM switching scheme
are unipolar and bipolar switching. The output of a unipolar inverter is shown in
Figure 8.
In this paper, bipolar switching technique was used because of less leakage
current from the inverter output. The harmonics in the bridge output begin
around mf, where mf is the modulation ratio of the carrier frequency to the
reference signal.
Switching Circuit:

Unipolar s

Fig: Bipolar Switching

 Switching Circuit:

 
The frequency of the carrier wave leads to the inverter switching frequency
with amplitude Vcarrier and switching frequency fs. The reference signal Vreference is
at a frequency of the desired output of the inverter. Using a bipolar PWM
output technique, the switch S1 and S2 are on when Vreference > Vcarrier , S3 and
S4 are on when Vreference < Vcarrier. The output of a bipolar inverter is shown in
Figure 9. The PWM output can be filtered to obtain a sinusoidal AC output.
Grid Synchronization and Current Control :

The current injected from the inverter has to be synchronized with the grid which
requires a synchronization algorithm. The algorithm should provide the phase of the grid
voltage which is used to synchronize the control variables such as the D-Q transform.
Different methods to output the phase angle have been presented and developed in
literature [13]. The three commonly used methods are zero-crossing method, grid
voltage filtering and the phase locked loop (PLL) technique.
The most common and efficient technique used nowadays is the PLL technique, which
has been used in the thesis. PLLs are frequently used in three phase grid tie inverters,
but can also be used in the single phase inverters. Recently, synchronous frame PLLs are
commonly used in grid tie inverters. This type of PLL is implemented in the dq
synchronous rotating frame. The PLL converts the grid voltage into its orthogonal
components by using αβ → dq transform. In [15], a PI regulator, is used to control either
the real component of the grid voltage Vd or the imaginary component of the grid voltage
Vq to be zero so that the phase of the d or q component can be locked.
 PROPOSED CONTROL FOR SINGLE PHASE GRID-TIED
INVERTERS

INVERTERS :
This describes each modules used in controlling the inverter, such as the PLL, the
current controller and the voltage controller used for reactive power support.
Phase Locked Loop
 Phase Locked Loop:

An important part of grid connected converters is the synchronization module. A

phase locked loop (PLL) in the synchronous rotating frame has been used in this
thesis to connect the distributed system with the grid, the DGS system has to be
synchronized with the grid voltage. The inverter quantities such as voltage,
phase and frequency should track the grid quantities continuously to maintain a
relationship between the systems. Not maintaining the synchronization between
the inverter and the grid may cause large circulating currents which may damage
the inverter and its associated devices. The main goal of the PLL is to output the
phase and frequency of the grid parameters. A block diagram of a PLL is shown in
Fig.
 Phase Locked Loop:

For the SPWM, the reference voltage needs to be in the

form of a space-vector, specified with a magnitude
and a phase. The magnitude information comes from
the control algorithm, but the phase information
should be
generated from the grid voltage using a PLL. A PLL is
used
To obtain the phase information for the reference
frame
transformation blocks.

Fig. PLL Block Diagram

Phase Locked Loop:

The PLL block is closed-loop control system, which tracks the frequency and phase of
a sinusoidal signal by using an internal frequency oscillator. The control system
adjusts the internal oscillator frequency to keep the phase difference to 0. The input
signal is mixed with an internal oscillator signal. The DC component of the mixed
signal is extracted with a variable frequency mean value. A Proportional-Integral-
Derivative (PID) controller then keeps the phase difference to 0 by acting on a
controlled oscillator. The PID output, corresponding to the angular velocity, is filtered
and converted to the frequency which is used by the mean value. When the system
does not have any error the output signal of the oscillator is the natural frequency.
The synchronization algorithm is expected to gives the phase of the grid voltage
vector which can be used to synchronize the grid parameters with the inverter. When
the control algorithm gives out the d-axis and q-axis reference voltages for the
inverter, the Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) should generate its signals such that the
reference voltages are seen at the output of the inverter.
Phase Locked Loop:

The goal is to obtain the phase angle from the grid voltage. To achieve this, d-q

reference frame is employed. The grid voltage,Vgrid is transformed to dq-frame.

From dq the frame, only Vgrid,q , is taken into consideration, and , Vgrid,q = 0 is
the voltage reference. After comparing if the error between the grid voltage and
its reference. If zero, then the d-q frame is rotating at the same frequency. The
output of the PI controller is the frequency which is compared with the grid
frequency.
Single phase inverter controller
Single phase inverter controller
Single phase inverter controller