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Anatomy and Physiology of Nose

This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the nose. It describes the external nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and their blood supply and nerve innervation. The nasal cavity is lined with mucous membranes and contains hairs that filter dust. The nose serves several physiological functions including respiration, air conditioning by heating and humidifying inhaled air, protecting the lower airways by filtering particles, and providing olfactory senses. The nose also plays a role in vocal resonance and drainage of the paranasal sinuses through mucociliary clearance. Common clinical problems involving the nose include sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, common colds, deviated nasal septum, and nosebleeds.

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Binita Shakya
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2K views32 pages

Anatomy and Physiology of Nose

This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the nose. It describes the external nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and their blood supply and nerve innervation. The nasal cavity is lined with mucous membranes and contains hairs that filter dust. The nose serves several physiological functions including respiration, air conditioning by heating and humidifying inhaled air, protecting the lower airways by filtering particles, and providing olfactory senses. The nose also plays a role in vocal resonance and drainage of the paranasal sinuses through mucociliary clearance. Common clinical problems involving the nose include sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, common colds, deviated nasal septum, and nosebleeds.

Uploaded by

Binita Shakya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY OF NOSE
PREPARED BY:
BINITA SHAKYA
DEEPA RANA MAGAR
SWORNIMA THAPA
CONTENTS
• Anatomy of Nose
External Nose
Blood Supply of External Nose
Nerve Supply of External Nose
Nasal Cavity
Blood Supply of Nasal Cavity
Nerve Supply of Nasal Cavity
Paranasal Sinus
Drainage of Paranasal Sinus
Function of Paranasal Sinus
• Physiological Function Of Nose
ANATOMY OF NOSE
• Nose is the first part of respiratory tract situated just above
the mouth.
• Nose is the main route of air entry and consists of large
irregular cavity divided into two equal passages by a septum.
• The nasal cavity is lined by mucous membranes.
• The entrance to nasal cavity is formed by nostrils.
• It contains small hairs which acts as filters for dust.
The floor of the nose is
formed by the roof of the
mouth and consists of
hard palate in front
(composed of maxilla and
palatine bones) and soft
palate behind (consists of
involuntary muscle)
The roof of the nose is formed by

cribriform plate of the ethmoid,

sphenoid, frontal and nasal bone.


Physiological functions of Nose

1. Respiration.
2. Air conditioning.
3. Protection of lower airway.
4. Ventilation and Drainage of PNS.
5. Vocal resonance.
6. Olfaction.
Respiration

Nose is the natural pathway for breathing.


Mouth breathing is acquired through
learning
Nose permits breathing and eating to go on
simultaneously
Air passage through Nose during
respiration allows for Humidification, Heat
transfer and Filtration of it
• Airflow is directed upwards • Expiration lasts longer than
and backwards from the inspiration and is more
nasal valve initially, mainly turbulent
over the anterior part of the • Friction offered at
inferior turbinate nasi converts it into eddies
limen
• It then splits into under cover of inferior and
below and over the middle
two, middle turbinates and this
turbinate, rejoining ventilates the sinuses
into
posterior choana through the ostia
Air Conditioning
•Nose adjuststemperature and humidity of inspired
air before it passes it on to the lungs.
•Air in post nasal space is approximately at 31oC and is 95%
saturated.

Heat Exchange:
Temperature control of the inspired air is by large surface of
nasal mucosa, particularly in the region of middle and inferior
turbinates and adjacent parts of the septum ( highly vascular
with cavernous venous spaces)
Time taken is almost one fourth of a sec.
Humidification

10% of body heat loss occurs through the nose in humans


Energy is required for:
Raising the temperature of inspired air (1/5)
Latent heat of evaporation (4/5)
Humidification of Inspired air done by nasal mucosa is due to
Secretions by the serous glands.
One third of water comes from Expired air which is
saturated and condenses onto the mucosa.
Additionally water comes from Nasolacrimal duct and Oral
cavity.
Protection of lower airway

The nose protects the lower airway by removing


particles down to approximately 30 μm, including
the most pollens from the inspired air.

The shape and roughness of smaller particles may


cause them to be deposited in the nose.
Mucociliary Clearance
 Cilia is found on the surface of cells in the respiratory tract
 Function is to propel mucus backwards in the nose
towards the nasopharynx.
Nasal cilia are relatively short(5 μm), with up to 200 per
cell.
Nasal mucus film is in two layers, one upper more viscous
layer and a lower more watery layer in which cilia can move
freely.
Metachronous movement
of cilia consists of a rapid
propulsive stroke and a slow
recovery phase.
Sneezing

 Protective reflex.
Foreign particles which irritate nasal mucosa are
expelled by sneezing
Copious flow of nasal secretions that follows
irritation by noxious substance helps to wash them
out.
Ventilation and Drainage of PNS

Inspiration creates negative pressure in nasal


cavity thus sucks the air out from paranasal sinuses
via their ostium.
Expiration creates positive pressure in nasal
cavity thus ventilates the para nasal
there ostium. sinuses via
Eddies formed during expiration and
Uncinate process aids in ventilation of PNS.
Mucociliary action helps in drainage of
PNS through their respective ostia.
Vocal resonance
•Nose form resonating chamber for certain
consonants in speech
•Phonating nasal consonants (M/N/NG) – sound
passes through the nasopharyngeal isthmus and is
emitted through the nose
•When nasopharynx is blocked, speech becomes
denasal, i.e. M/N/NG are uttered as B/D/G
respectively
•Rhinolalia clausa – too little air escapes from nose
•Rhinolalia aperta – too much air escapes from nose
•The sinuses have no effect on modifying voice
Olfaction
•Olfactory solute in mucus needs high water and lipid
solubility.
•Olfactory area is 200-400mm2 with a density of
approximately 5x104 receptor cells/mm2
•Odours  react with lipid bilayer of the receptor cells
at specific sites  causes outflow of K+ and Cl-  Cell
depolarization.
•It is a G-protein coupled receptors which interact with
a specific adenyl cyclase within neuroepithelium.
•Adrenergic and muscarinic antagonists – blocks some
odour.
Olfactory pathways
•Smell is perceived in the olfactory
region (high up in nasal cavity)
•Peripheral process of each olfactory
cells reaches the mucosal surface
with several cilia on it
•Central process are grouped into
olfactory nerves which pass through
the cribriform plate of ethmoid and
end in the mitral cells of the
olfactory bulb
•Axons of mitral cells forms olfactory
tract Olfactory trigone Olfactory
Striae Prepyriform cortex,
amygdaloid nucleus, hypothalamus,
hippocampus
CLINICAL PROBLEMS OF NOSE
• Sinusitis
• Allergic rhinitis
• Common cold and influenza
• Deviation of Nasal Septum (DNS)
• Nosebleeds
REFERENCE
 Singh C.K “Principle of Anatomy and Physiology” ,Highland Publication
Pvt. Ltd. Page no. 275-278
 Sloane E. “Anatomty and Physiology: An easy learner, Jones and
Barlett Publishers Page no. 271-275
 Tuitui R. and Suwal S.N “Human Anatomy and Physiology”, Vidyarthi
Prakashan (P.) Ltd. Page no 440-441
Thank You

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