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Electrical Impedance Imaging

Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses voltage measurements taken from exterior electrodes to reconstruct the internal conductivity distribution of an object. It works by solving Maxwell's equations with the measured boundary conditions to generate images. EIT has advantages of being non-invasive, repeatable, continuous, fast, compact, and radiation-free. However, image reconstruction is an ill-posed problem and challenges include accounting for scattering and the non-local diffusion property at lower frequencies. Reconstruction algorithms use finite element methods and back projection to modify element conductivities based on measured and calculated electrode potentials to identify abnormalities. Applications of EIT include process monitoring, flow analysis, and sediment observation.

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Prashant Singh
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94 views13 pages

Electrical Impedance Imaging

Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses voltage measurements taken from exterior electrodes to reconstruct the internal conductivity distribution of an object. It works by solving Maxwell's equations with the measured boundary conditions to generate images. EIT has advantages of being non-invasive, repeatable, continuous, fast, compact, and radiation-free. However, image reconstruction is an ill-posed problem and challenges include accounting for scattering and the non-local diffusion property at lower frequencies. Reconstruction algorithms use finite element methods and back projection to modify element conductivities based on measured and calculated electrode potentials to identify abnormalities. Applications of EIT include process monitoring, flow analysis, and sediment observation.

Uploaded by

Prashant Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electrical Impedance

Tomography

By
Prashant Singh
1. EIT?
2. Image generation by EIT
3. Applications of EIT
Principle

  distribution of an object by voltage measurements taken by exterior electrodes.
It’s a non-invasive imaging technique for detecting the internal conductivity

 Image reconstruction is done by solving Maxwell equations with above measured


boundary conditions.
 Maxwell-Faraday Equation:

 Approximation:
• The wavelength of the time varying fields tends to be large compared with the dimensions of the
subject to be imaged(
• The displacement current in Maxwell’s equations will be negligible compared to the free current
density so the equations can be approximated to those governing the electrostatic fields
• , where E=
Electrical Impedance Tomography
 For a homogeneous process matrix a symmetrical array of equipotential contours will be created which
may be interrogated by monitoring the phase and amplitude of the potential difference between pairs of the
remaining electrodes, using a high impedance measuring device.

Homogeneous EIT Conducting body Dielectric body

 So, the arrangement in space of conductive and dielectric inhomogeneities can be mapped by driving
current between consecutive pairs of electrodes whilst monitoring the temporal variations in potential
difference across the remainder.
.
Other modalities
Nucleonic techniques: using X-rays, γ-rays and neutrons

Optical techniques: Visible, UV and IR

Magnetic resonance technique: Strong magnetic fields


Advantages of EIT

 Non-invasive
 Repeatable
 Continuous
 Fast responsive
 Compact
 Radiation free
Challenges
 In conventional imaging modalities(X-Ray), a collimated beam of radiation passes through
object in a straight line and attenuation of this beam is affected by the matter in its path.
 At lower frequency the effect of scattering has to be taken into account. That is diffusion
property has to be considered.
 The non-local property in which a change in conductivity would have some effect on any
measurement of surface voltage when any current pattern is applied gets pronounced at lower
frequency.
 So to find conductivity image one must solve a system of simultaneous equations relating
every voxel to every measurement.
 Moreover recovering an unknown conductivity from boundary data is ill-posed problem,
since large changes in interior may lead to only small changes in measurement.
Image Reconstruction Algorithm
 Assuming a homogeneous system with background conductivity
 Using finite element method solving the Maxwell equation to obtain background electrode
potentials and the equipotential lines
 Finding elements lying between two equipotential lines

Homogeneous
System
Image Reconstruction Algorithm
 Modifying the conductivity of the element with ratio of measured potential with calculated
potential of the electrodes.
 Thus using back projection technique, the abnormality in the system is reconstructed.

Reconstructed
Image
Applications

 On-line measurement of oil, gas and water fraction at well heads.


 Mixing analysis(g-l, l-l) for the verification of computational fluid dynamics.
 On-line diagnostics and control of liquid/solid processes(eg. Mineral refining).
 Bubble column analysis for control of gas/liquid contractors..
 Tracking progress of polymerisation at high temperature and pressure to improve process
understanding.
 Observation of sediment bed properties and the sedimentation process in a nuclear waste
storage tank.
Simulation Results

Dielectric Anomaly

Conducting Anomaly
Simulation Results
THANK YOU

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