APA Format: Essentials
I. What Needs To Be Cited
II. Basic Format
III. Parenthetical Citation
IV. Examples
V. Wrap Up
What Needs To Be Cited
a. Cite all sources that are NOT your original
work
b. Cite a “paraphrased” work OR direct quote
c. Citing sources includes 2 parts: “in-text” & full
reference
d. Do NOT include a reference for a source that
is not referred to in your paper
APA Format
Basic format:
a. author
b. publication date
c. title of work;
d. journal name (if article)
e. volume/issue (if article)
f. page numbers (if article)
g. place of publication (if book)
h. publisher (if book)
Parenthetical Citations
a. Includes last name only, year published
(page numbers if a direct quotation)
b. If 2 authors, cite with both each time
c. If 3-5 authors, cite all for the first reference,
then use “et al.” for subsequent ones
d. If 6 or more authors, only provide the first
author followed by “et al.”
(Whaley, et al., 2004, p. 38)
Parenthetical Citations (cont.)
f. If no author is given, use the first few words of
title (“Study Finds,”)
g. Never cite an author as “anonymous”
Example:
(Yearby, 2006)
(Hutchinson & Michaels, 2008, p. 114)
Royce and Walsh (1996)
Examples
Mercer, P. R. (1998). Composition operators over complex
domains. Contemporary Mathematics, 213, 137-143.
China regulates software publishers to combat copyright
infringement. (1999, June 7). Baltimore Sun, p. A14.
Rubenburg, C. A. (1986). Israel and the American national
interest: A critical examination (3rd ed.). Chicago, IL:
University of Chicago Press.
Harden, K. M., & Turner, L. A. (1999, October). Evaluation of library
reference services using the RTAI Survey Instrument. College &
Research Libraries, 65(2), 54-58.
Examples (cont.)
Samuels, B. W., Ricketts, D. A., & Manning, G. S. (2001).
Correlating prejudice and education level. Journal of
Social Research, 49(3), 38-43.
doi: 10.1081/156223006100016964
Daniels, A. R. (2009). Classroom management in middle school
grades. Journal of Education, 46(2), 77-81. Retrieved from
http://www.joe.cambridgepress.org
Alternate:
Daniels, A. R. (2009). Classroom management in middle school
grades. Journal of Education, 46(2), 77-81. Retrieved from
Academic Search Complete database.
Examples (cont.)
E-Book:
Swanson, R. E. (2011). Crisis in the high school setting.
Boston, MA: Boston University Press. doi:
10.1021/335123106744466
Alternate E-Book (no DOI):
Hanson, R. R. (2010). Test assessment in special education
cohorts. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Retrieved from Ebrary database
Content Searching
• Journal Content: Online Databases
• Articles from Scholarly “Peer-Reviewed” journals
• Books and E-books in subject field
• Dissertations & Papers
• Reports from Governmental Agencies (APA;
NIH)
• Reports from Research Institutes (Neuroscience
Research Institute; Scripps Institute)
*Note – performing a general search query in Google or
Yahoo News is NOT equivalent to these databases.
A Few Databases
• APA PsycNET (PsycARTICLES & PsycBOOKS)
• ABI-Inform Complete (ProQuest)
• Academic Search Complete (EBSCO)
• Business Source Complete
• CINAHL Full Text
• PUBMED (Medline)
• WORLDCAT Local (book catalog)
What Do We (You) Get for Your Money (Effort)
• Full Text Articles for Printing or Saving
• Reliable & Authoritative Information
• Citation Information necessary for your
references
• Forms to Request Materials from other
libraries (Interlibrary Loan)
• Librarian Expertise/Consulting
• After Hours Reference Service:
[email protected] (434) 791-5692
Legal Materials
BlueBook:
Durflinger v. Artiles, 563 F. Supp. 322
(D. Kan. 1981), (LEXIS)
APA modified:
Durflinger v. Artiles. 563 F. Supp. 322 (D. Kan. 1981).
Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic database.
GOOD LUCK
WITH CITING
YOUR SOURCES
