The Intel 8086 Processor
Josh Broome
Dave Overstrom
Jonathan Kagarise
Christopher Lindsay
Processors Prior to 8086
• (1971) 4004 – First processor made by the Intel
Corporation. Allowed computer intelligence to
be put into small devices like cell phones, key
chains, calculators, etc.
• (1972) 8008 – Twice as powerful as the 4004,
but was used in the Mark-8. Mark-8 was one of
first personal computers.
Processors Prior to 8086(cont.)
• (1974) 8080 – Slight improvement on the 8008
with a more complex instruction set. Started to
mass produce for personal computers. Last
processor update before 8086.
Intel’s 8086 and 8088
• (1978) 8086/8088 – Biggest improvement
of the 8-bit processors. Laid the
groundwork for the X86 architecture in
processors. X86 is still used in the newer
Pentium models today. The 8088
processor was selected by IBM to be
placed in the “IBM PC” which was their
most popular product. Skyrocketed Intel’s
stature as a company and was honored by
being named a Fortune 500 company.
Processors After 8086/8088
• (1982-89) 286/386/486 – Started being able to
run multiple programs at one time and point and
click operating systems.
• (1993-2001) Pentium’s 1-4 – Much faster
speeds allowed multimedia elements like voice,
sounds, and graphics to run much clearer and
faster.
Hardware Architecture
• HMOS Technology
• 29,000 Transistors @ 10 MHz
• 16-Bit data path
– Extended Address bus (20-bits wide)
• 40-Pin Layout
– Used as address/data lines
– Handle Interrupts
– Clock cycles, etc.
Hardware Architecture Con’t
• Address / Data Bus
– Lines are multiplexed (AD0-AD15)
• Control / Interrupt Signals
• Can Run in Minimum or Maximum System
Mode
• 3-bit status code in max. mode
– Tells processor what type of bus cycle to run
Status Signal Table for Bus
Cycle
S2 S1 S0 CPU Cycle 8288 Command
0 0 0 Interrupt Ac. INTA
0 0 1 Read I/O port IORC
0 1 0 Write I/O port IOWC, AIOWC
0 1 1 Halt None
1 0 0 Instruction Fetch MRDC
1 0 1 Read Memory MRDC
1 1 0 Write Memory MWTC, AMWC
1 1 1 Passive None
8086 Programming
• 8086 is low level assembly language.
• Similar to MARIE model:
– Uses fetch/execute cycle.
– Registers hold addresses for data,
instructions and program flow counter.
– Flows from beginning to end, manipulated by
changing counter.
• Compatible in design with future 16bit or greater
microprocessors.
• 6 basic sets of instructions, not including string
manipulation.
8086 Programming (cont.)
– Arithmetic
• Addition, subtraction etc. ADD, SUB
– Logic
• Logical operations. AND, OR, XOR
– Shift
• Shifting bits, rotate, logic and arithmetic. SAR, SHL
– Data Transfer
• Moving data, copying. MOV, OUT, POP
– Control Transfer
• Flow control, jumps, and subroutines. JMP, RET
– Processor Control
• Processor instructions. NOP, CLI
8086 Programming (cont.)
• Instruction form
– Op-code Destination Operand, Source
Operand
– MOV AX,100
• Variable declarations
– Variable Name Memory Directive Value
– Var1 DB 7
Memory Interfacing
• The 8086 has a 20-bit address bus.
• The subsystem is organized into 8-bit bytes
instead of 16-bit words.
• The memory is split into two 8-bit banks.
• Words can be stored at even or odd addresses.
Input / Output
• The 8086 uses three main methods of I/O:
Programmed, Interrupt-Driven and Direct
Memory Access.
• Programmed I/O relies on the processor to
poll the devices.
• Interrupt-Driven I/O is the opposite of
programmed because the devices signal
when they need service.
Input / Output
• The 8086 has two pins for hardware interrupts.
• The second pin can be expanded by the
Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC).
• Direct memory access removes the processor
from the memory and I/O allowing a direct
transfer.
• The 8086 uses the Direct Memory Access
controller (DMAC) to remove the processor from
the loop and control the system.
