Chapter 1: Introduction

to Enterprise
Architecture
CIS 3203
 Understand the purpose Understand the Understand the
of EA. elements of an EA elements of an EA

Chapter management program. documentation method.

Objectives
Understand differences
to other analysis /
planning approaches.
Enterprise Definition

An enterprise is a complex, socio-technical system that comprises

interdependent resources of people, information, and technology that must
interact with each other and their environment in support of a common
mission.

An organization or sub-activity whose boundary is defined by commonly

held goals, processes, and resources. This includes whole organizations in
the public, private, or non-profit sectors, part(s) of an organization such as
business units, programs, and systems, or part(s) of multiple organizations
such as consortia and supply chains
Enterprise Definition
 Interactions important to behavior - include such
activities as coordination of functions, sharing of
information, and allocation of resources.
 socio-technical system - it involves people and
technology.
 open system - it interacts with its environment.
 purposeful - it has goals that it works towards
accomplishing.
Organizations and Enterprises
 Organizations and enterprises are similar in that they
are both types of social entities that have a culture, a
formal and informal structure, goals, activities, and
resources.
 The difference is that an enterprise(a more versatile
concept ) can be defined as a subset of an organization
or can involve multiple organizations.

An Introduction to Enterprise Architecture – 3rd Edition-Scott A. Bernard

Enterprise Definition

 We use the term ‘enterprise’ because is encompasses all types of

enterprises;
Common Characteristics

 All enterprises are systems, where a system is an integrated collection of

components (people and technology).

 All enterprises use resources, an important resource class is the people

employed by the enterprise.

 All enterprises produce a product, provide a service, or do both.

 All enterprises have customers who receive the benefits of the product or
service.
What is architecture

Activity:
Read and watch the videos about Winchester Mansion owned by Sara Winchester.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Padm4JItZPw
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgFyPqKH6p0
What is architecture
 Building Architecture
 Suppose you talk to an architect to design a house
 You tell them how many rooms and what rooms you like, windows,
bathrooms, garden, etc...
 You agree on a master plan, architect produce detailed specifications
 The specification is used by engineers and builders
 You can communicate with the architect because you have a common
language (e.g. room, staircase, etc..)
 You know the function of those elements
 You and the architect use, mentally, an architectural model of a house
 The model is abstract, it purposely ignores many details
What is architecture

Architecture is the fundamental organization of a system embodied in:

 its components
 their relationships to each other and to the environment
 and the principle guiding its design and evolution.
What is Architecture

 Architecture gives physical form to the functions needed by the system.

• The collection of elements in the

system
Form • The configuration of those
elements
• The arrangement of the elements
and how they are related to each
other
What is Enterprise Architecture?
Is this the enterprise
Architecture?

Include the
checkout registers
in the enterprise
architecture?

Include the
supply chain
process and
distribution?
What is Enterprise Architecture?
Not just the computer software,
hardware, and network

Need to analyze and design an

enterprise in the context of its
operations:

• The business processes

• The organization

This B R O A D E R view leads to a better overall design

Enterprise Architecture

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDI2oF1bASk
Enterprise Architecture

 Home Architecture Analogy: ‫خفة حركة‬-

 Building a house one room at a time without the blueprints for the whole the ability to
house can lead to a poor result. adapt easily to
change.
 It is analogous to developing organizations, business units, programs, and
systems without an enterprise-wide architecture for reference, as
duplication and inefficiency in resources, and a lack of overall agility can
result
 Enterprise Architecture

Is an overall, high-level design of the enterprise

Through the analysis and documentation of an
enterprise in its current and future states from an
integrated strategy, business, and technology
perspective.

EA = S + B + T
Enterprise Architecture = Strategy + Business + Technology
Why Enterprise Architecture

You cannot build this

in the same way

you build this

Sagrada Familia in Barcelona, Spain

Why Enterprise Architecture

 An architecture provides a
holistic design of the enterprise
with which all enterprise
projects must conform

 Guarantee’s design
consistency towards the
enterprise goals
Why Enterprise Architecture

 to get the most from business, technology, and human resources requires an
enterprise to think in terms of enterprise-wide solutions, rather than
individual systems and programs (Figure 1-1).
Why Enterprise Architecture
commercial or professional
procedures that are accepted or
 EA provides a strategy and business driven approach to policy, planning,
prescribed as being correct or most
decision-making, and resource development that is useful to executives, line
effective.
managers, and support staff.
 An enterprise-wide architecture should serve as an authoritative reference,
source of standards for processes / resources, and provider of designs for
future operating states.
 Avoid waste and duplication in large, complex organizations.
 It also resolves the “battle of best practices” and competition between sub-
architectural domains which can be problematic for organizations that are
trying to become for efficient.
 Enables IT planning and development to create and deliver those products and
services that accomplish the strategic goals of the enterprise.
Does an EA changes? refers to the successful selling
 of a product or service in a
specific market. It is
measured by the amount of 
sales volume of an existing
 We adjust EA because: good or service compared to
 Growth of the enterprise (organic, acquisition, etc...) the total target market for
that product or service
 Advancements in technology
 Changes in the corporate strategies/goals (market penetration
rather than skimming)
 We learnt how to do things better
The Enterprise Architecture Approach

https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=xotSIk6FoJ4
 The
The first
first core
core element
element is
is “Governance”
“Governance” which
which identifies
identifies the
the planning,
planning, decision-making,
decision-making, and
and oversight
oversight
Governance processes
processes and
and groups
groups that
that will
will determine
determine how
how the
the EA
EA is
is developed
developed and
and maintained,
maintained, accomplished
accomplished asas part
part
of
of an
an organization’s
organization’s overall
overall governance.
governance.

The
The second
second core
core element
element is
is “Methodology”
“Methodology” which
which are
are specific
specific steps
steps to
to establish
establish and
and maintain
maintain an
an EA
EA
Methodology program,
program, via
via the
the selected
selected approach.
approach.

The
The third
third core
core element
element isis “Framework”
“Framework” which
which identifies
identifies the
the scope
scope of
of the
the overall
overall architecture
architecture and
and the
the
Framework type
type and relationship of the various sub-architecture levels and threads. Not all frameworks allow for
and relationship of the various sub-architecture levels and threads. Not all frameworks allow for
sub-domains
sub-domains oror are
are able
able to
to integrate
integrate strategy,
strategy, business,
business, and
and technology
technology planning.
planning.
 The
The fourth
fourth core
core element
element is
is “Artifacts”
“Artifacts” which
which identifies
identifies the
the types
types and
and methods
methods of
of documentation
documentation toto be
be
used
used in
in each
each sub-architecture
sub-architecture area,
area, including
including strategic
strategic analyses,
analyses, business
business plans,
plans, internal
internal controls,
controls,
Artifacts security
security controls,
controls, and
and models
models of
of workflow,
workflow, databases,
databases, systems,
systems, and
and networks.
networks. This
This core
core element
element also
also
includes
includes the
the online
online repository
repository where
where artifacts
artifacts are
are stored.
stored.

The
The fifth
fifth core
core element
element is
is “Standards”
“Standards” which
which identify
identify business
business and
and technology
technology standards
standards for
for the
the
Standards enterprise
enterprise in each domain, segment, and component of the EA. This includes recognized international,
in each domain, segment, and component of the EA. This includes recognized international,
national,
national, local,
local, and
and industry
industry standards
standards as
as well
well as
as enterprise-specific
enterprise-specific standards.
standards.

The
The sixth
sixth core
core element
element isis “Associated
“Associated Best
Best Practices”
Practices” which
which are
are proven
proven ways
ways to
to implement
implement parts
parts of
of the
the
Best Practices overall
overall architecture
architecture or
or sub-architectures,
sub-architectures, in
in context
context of
of the
the over-arching
over-arching EA.
EA.
Enterprise Architecture Activities

 EA is accomplished through a management program and an analysis and

design method that is repeatable at various levels of scope.
 As a management program, EA provides:
 Strategic Alignment: Connects goals, activities, and resources
 Standardized Policy: Resource governance and implementation
 Decision Support: Financial control and configuration management
 Resource Oversight: Lifecycle approach to development/management
 As an analysis and design method, EA provides:
 EA Approach: The framework, analysis/design method, and artifact set
 Current Views: Views of as-is strategies, processes, and resources
 Future Views: Views of to-be strategies, processes, and resources
 EA Management Plan: A plan to move from the current to the future EA
Basic elements of EA analysis and
design method
The EA framework

 The framework creates an

abstracted set of “views” of an
enterprise through the way that it
collects and organizes
architecture information.
 the EA3 Cube Framework™ the
levels
The EA framework
 the EA3 Cube Framework™ the levels of
this example framework
 are hierarchical so that the different sub-
architectures (that describe distinct
functional areas) can be logically related
to each other.
 strategic goals/initiatives,
 business products/services
data/information flows
 supporting systems/applications
 technology/infrastructure.
EA components

 EA components are changeable

goals, processes, standards,
and resources that may extend
enterprise-wide or be
contained within a specific line
of business or segment.
EA components

 Vertical Component
 A vertical component is a changeable goal, process, program, or
resource (equipment, systems, data, etc.) that serves one line of
business.

• Horizontal (Crosscutting) Component

• A horizontal (or crosscutting) component is a changeable goal,
process, program, or resource that serves several lines of business.
Examples include email and administrative support systems that
serve the whole enterprise.
EA Management Plan

 provides descriptions of current and future views of the architecture, and a

sequencing plan for managing the transition to the future business/technology
operating environment.
 The EA Management Plan is a living document that is essential to realizing the
benefits of the EA as a management program
Threads

 EA documentation includes ‘threads’ of common activity that are present in

all levels of the framework. These threads include IT-related security,
standards, and skill considerations.
The EA Repository

 is essentially a website and database that stores information and provides

links to EA tools and other EA program resources.
Summary

 EA is the one discipline that looks at systems holistically as well as provides a

strategy and business context.
 EA was described as being as both a management process and an analysis and
design method.
 EA helps enterprises with business and technology planning, resource
management, and decision-making.
Class Exercise

 Imagine that you want to start a business.

 You will need to set up how the business will do various tasks.
 For example I want to set up a private school.
 There are a number of tasks that my employees will have to do in order for the
school to run efficiently and profitably.
 One of the tasks is how the teachers will record the quiz mark.
Class Exercise
• Imagine that you want to start a business.
• You will need to set up how the business will do various tasks.
• For example I want to set up a private school.
• There are a number of tasks that my employees will have to do in order for
the school to run efficiently and profitably.
• One of the tasks is how the teachers will record the quiz mark.
• Bakery – ordering flour from suppliers
• Hospital – Creating an account for a new patient
• Taxi Company – booking a taxi for a customer
• Cleaning Company – Sending a maid to a customer’s home

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