INTRODUCTION
In 1978, Joseph Davidovits developed Inorganic polymeric
materials and coined the term “Geopolymer” in 1990. It is
also known as Alkali-activated concrete or Inorganic
polymer concrete.
Geopolymer possess excellent properties such as a high
early strength, low shrinkage, high resistance to freezing
and thawing, sulphate attack and corrosion.
Geopolymer is used as the binder to completely replace
ordinary Portland cement in producing Geopolymer
concrete. In order to produce Geopolymer.
It needs to be activated by an alkaline solution to produce
polymeric Si-O-Al bonds.
Geopolymer concrete has the potential to reduce
greenhouse emissions from the concrete industry by 80%
(Daniel et al 2006).
CHEMICAL REACTION
The chemical reaction that takes place to form
geopolymers follows a multi-step process:
Dissolution of Si and Al atoms from the source material
takes place due to hydroxide ions in solution.
Reorientation of precursor ions in solution, and Setting
via polycondensation reactions into an inorganic
"polymer".
Fly ash and GGBFS are very effective as starting
materials for CFB concretes.
The soluble silica and alumina contents in the
materials that undergo dissolution, polymerization with
the alkali, condensation on particle surfaces, and
solidification that eventually provides strength and
stability to these matrices.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Deepak Ravikumar etal made the study on
“Structure and Strength of NaOH Activated
Concretes Containing Fly Ash Or GGBFS as the
Sole Binder”(key paper).
Conclusions
Compressive strengths of CFB concretes were found to
increase with increase in activator.
The CFB concretes made using GGBFS as the starting
material showed higher compressive strengths because
of the self-cementing property of GGBFS and higher
binder content used.
M. U. Aswath etal made the study on “An
Experimental Study on Flexural Behaviour of
Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Beams with
Recycled Aggregate in Bending”.
Conclusions
It showed that the inclusion of GGBS by 10% by
mass in the binder material increased the
compressive strength by 23%.
Most promising results were obtained when the
binder content (fly ash + GGBS) were 27% of the
total solid constituents of the geopolymer concrete
mix using recycled aggregate.
Results of compression test showed a decrease in
strength of about 10% compared to the
conventional coarse aggregate.
J. Pradeep etal made the study on
“Experimental study on flexural behaviour of
fly ash and ggbs based geopolymer concrete
beams in bending”.
Conclusions
It showed that the inclusion of GGBS by 10%
by mass in the binder material increased the
compressive strength by 23%.
Most promising results were obtained when
the binder content (fly ash + GGBS) were 29%
of the total solid constituents of the
geopolymer concrete mix.
Ganapati Naidu etal (2012), carried a work on “A
study on strength properties of geopolymer
concrete with addition of G.G.B.S”
Conclusions
Higher concentrations of G.G.B.S (Slag) result in
higher compressive strength of geopolymer concrete.
Mixing of G.G.B.S was tested up to 28.57%, beyond
that immediate setting was observed.
There is no necessity of exposing geopolymer concrete
to higher temperature to attain maximum strength if
minimum 9% of flyash is replaced by GGBS.
Compressive strength of geopolymer concrete
increases with increase in percentage of replacement
of flyash with GGBS. Flyash was replaced by GGBS
up to 28.57%, beyond that fast setting was observed.
90% of compressive strength was achieved in 14 days.
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM FOR STRENGTH
DEVELOPMENT OF CEMENT MORTAR &
CONCRETE INCORPORATING GGBFS
Conclusions
ROBO sand can be used as alternative material for the fine
aggregate. The compressive are strengths are increased as
the percentage of sand increased.
GGBFS can be used as one of the alternative material for
the cement.
The percentage increase of compressive strength of concrete
is 11.06% and 17.6% at the age of 7 and 28 days by
replacing 50% of cement with GGBFS and 25% of sand with
ROBO sand.
RELEVANCE:
The replacement of cement by GGBFS, flyash and the
curing parameters (temperature and curing duration)
are optimized to provide the highest compressive
strengths.
As the molarity of the solution is increased the
compressive strength is also increased.
Compressive strengths are found to decrease with
increase in activator-to-binder ratio.
PROBLEM DEFINITION
Based on the above studies, till now the work is not carried
out on Geopolymer concrete using both fly ash (class F) and
GGBFS.
The present work is on the replacement of cement by fly ash
(class F) and GGBS as the sole binder.
OBJECTIVES
To develop the Geopolymer concrete of maximum
compressive strength by replacing cement by fly ash and
GGBFS.
Finding the optimum dosage of the super- plasticizers for the
good workability of concrete.
Following are the materials used for the investigation work
Fly ash
GGBS
Fine aggregate
Coarse aggregate
Alkaline liquid- Mixture of Sodium silicate and Sodium
hydroxide solution.
Chemical % for Fly ash % for GGBS
Silica (SiO2) 56.88 39.66
Alumina (Al2O3) 27.65 12.94
Iron oxide (Fe2O3) 6.28 1.58
Alkalies (Na2o+K2O) 0.46 1.64
Calcium oxide
(CaO) 3.62 34.20
Magnesium oxide
(Mgo) 0.34 6.94
PREPARATION OF SOLUTION
To prepare sodium hydroxide solution of 14 molarity
(14M), 560g (14x40) that is, (molarity x molecular
weight) of sodium hydroxide flakes will dissolved in one
litre of water.
The mass of NaOH solids in a solution will vary
depending on the concentration of the solution
expressed in terms of molar M.
When NaOH is completely dissolved in water, this
solution is added to sodium silicate (NaO2SiO3) for
polymerization process.
Alkaline solution made one day before is mixed with
dry mix.
MIX PROPORTIONS:
Aggregate = 75 % of total mass
Ratio of alkaline liquid-to-fly ash by mass= 0.55
Concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution =
14M
Ratio of sodium silicate solution-to-sodium hydroxide
solution, by mass = 2.5
Curing period = 1day, 3day.
Aggregate = 600 kg/m3
Coarse Aggregate = 420 kg/m3 (70%)
Fine Aggregate = 180 kg/m3 (30%)
MATERIAL CALCULATION
Density of concrete 2400kg/m3
total agg quantity = 75%
Geopolymer paste = 2400-(0.75×2400)
600kg/m3
Alk soln/F.A = 0.55 (0.35 to 0.55)
Alk soln = Na2SiO3+NaOH
NaOH/Na2SiO3 = 2.5
Molarity of NaOH = 14
Molecular wt = 40
Pallets reqd = 14×40=560gms
NaOH = (560/1560)*100=
= 36%
Water reqd = (1000/1560)*100
64%
Binder = 600/1.55
387kg/m3
Alk soln = 600-387
213kg/m3
NaOH = 213/3.5
60.85kg/m3
= 0.35×60.85=21.3kg/m3
Na2SiO3 = 213-60.85
152kg/m3
Size of specimen = 150*150*150mm
Materials required for 6 cubes
NaOH = 36%×60.85×0.153×6×1.25
=555gms
Na2SiO3 = 152×0.153×6×1.25
3.84kg
Composition Of Binder = 60% GGBFS + 40% flyash
GGBFS = 0.6×387×0.153×1.25×6
5.87kg
Flyash = 0.4×387×0.153×1.25×6
3.91kg
Coarse Aggregates =1800×0.7×0.153×1.25×6
31.89kg
Fine Agg =1800×0.3×0.153×1.25×6
13.67kg
GEOPOLYMER
CONCRETE
14M of NaOH 14M of NaOH
At 600C
At 600C
24 hrs 48 hrs
3 3
TEST RESULTS
COMPRESSIVE
SAMPLE WEIGHT DENSITY LOAD AREA Mean
MOLARITY STRENGTH
Nos. kg kgnn/m3 kN mm2 N/mm2
N/mm 2
1 8.64 2560 470.7 150X150 20.92
14M at
2 8.70 2577.7 905.6 150X150 40.25 33.14
24hrs
3 8.96 2655 860.3 150X150 38.23
4 9.16 2714 1300 150X150 57.78
14M at
5 9.05 2681 936.4 150X150 41.62 51.58
48hrs
6 8.89 2634 1245 150X150 55.33
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
24hrs Age inhrs 48hrs
CONCLUSIONS
The CFB concrete with GGBFS & flyash as the sole
binder showed compressive strength of 8N/mm2 & 17
N/mm2 with 8M after 24hrs of oven curing. Were as the
present work showed 33 N/mm2& 52 N/mm2 with 14M.
As the concentration of NaOH increases in the Solution
the Compressive Strength of Geopolymer increases.
Strength improvements are more, for mixtures that
contains GGBFS as the starting material because of the
transformation of metastable amorphous gel to more
stable crystalline phases.
Higher the percentage of aggregate leads to higher
density of Geopolymer Concrete.
The concrete mixture obtained with 14M was very dry &
harsh in nature.
REFERENCES
Deepak Ravikumar etal, (2010). “Structure and strength of
NaOH activated concretes containing Fly Ash or GGBFS as
the sole binder”, Cement & Concrete Composites 32, 399–
410.
J. Prasad etal, (2009). “Strength Development of Cement
Mortar and Concrete Incorporating GGBFS” ,asian journal of
civil engineering (building and housing) Vol. 9, PAGES 61-74,
2009.
P. N. Rao, et al,(2010). “High Performance Concrete with
GGBFS and Robo Sand”, International Journal of Engineering
Science and Technology, Vol. 2(10), 2010.
M. U. Aswath et al, (2012). “An experimental study on flexural
behavior of reinforced geopolymer concrete beams with
recycled aggregate in bending” International Journals Of
Emerging Trends In Engineering & Development. Vol 6, Issue
2.
J. Pradeep et al, (2012). “Experimental study on flexural
behavior of GGBFS & flyash reinforced geopolymer concrete
beams in bending”. International Journals Of Emerging
Trends In Engineering & Development. Issue 2, Vol 6. 2012.
P. Ganapati Naidu et al, (2012). “A Study on Strength
Properties of Geopolymer Concrete with Addition of GGBFS”.
International Journal Of Engineering Research &
Development. Vol 2 Issue 6, PP 19-28.
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