COUNSELING APPROACHES
Psychoanalysis
represented by Sigmund Freud
A theory of personality, an
approach to psychotherapy,
and method of investigation
founded by Sigmund Freud.
PSYCHOANALYSIS
Three Levels of conscious
Consciousness
preconscious
To Freud, the
mind is like an unconscious
iceberg:
COUNSELING APPROACHES
Psychoanalysis
draws attention to the darker
forces of the unconscious and the
influence that this has on how we
feel about ourselves.
Psychoanalysis
conscious
reservoir of unacceptable
desires, immoral urges
preconscious (sexual, violent), repressed
traumas, fears,
unconscious
No awareness;
no access to
PSYCHOANALYSIS
The assumption is that there are inner battles that are
waged in a client that are directly responsible for the
appearance of symptoms and behavioral problems.
PSYCHOANALYSIS
Main emphasis:
the role of early childhood experiences
Early childhood experiences: dictate us of who we
are as an adult
PSYCHOANALYSIS
It used therapeutic models such as:
Dream analysis
Free association
COUNSELING APPROACHES
Behaviorism
behavior and mental processes are determined
by our environment
Behaviorism
represented by B.F. Skinner
focused on the effects of reinforcement on observable
behavior
Behaviorism
All psychological disorders are a result of maladaptive
learning that all behavior is learnt from our
environment and symptoms are acquired through
classical and operant conditioning.
Behaviorism
Classical conditioning
• involves learning by association
• introduced by Ivan Pavlov
Operant conditioning
• involves learning by reinforcement
• introduced by B.F. Skinner
COUNSELING APPROACHES
Humanistic Perspective
behavior and mental processes are determined
by our need to fulfill our potential
Humanistic Perspective
Abraham Maslow
• Self-actualization (Hierarchy of Needs)
• Personal growth
• Self-concept
Carl Rogers
• Client-centered therapy (shows unconditional
positive regard and empathy)
• Focus on the uniqueness of human beings and
their capacity for choice (free will)
Humanistic Perspective
Attempted to understand the conscious mind, free
will, human dignity, and the capacity for self-reflection
and growth.
The human potential for change requires only
exercise of the distinctively human capacities for
choice, creativity, and drive toward self-actualization.
Humanistic Perspective
Humanistic therapeutic models are rooted in insight
and focus on self-development, growth, and
responsibilities.
They seek to gain self-empowerment by recognizing
their strengths, creativity and choice in the given
circumstances.
Review
1. As a counselor, Alyana always believes in the capacity of her client to
determine his own destiny and give meaning to his life.
2. In dealing with his clients, Cardo always applies the talk therapy and
actively listens to whatever his client is telling him.
3. Flora, an adolescent counselor, explores the early experiences of her
client in order to identify the underlying causes of the manifested
behavior,
4. Agatha coordinates with dream experts to examine the dreams and
its relation to her client’s experiences.
5. As a school counselor, Ericka uses reinforcements to modify the
unwanted behaviors of her student-clients.
Basic Counseling Approaches
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Discussion
Group Reporting
Rubric: AKO
Quiz
1. Crisan feels like she’s failing in her life so she decided to seek for
counseling. During their session, the counselor applied the non-directive
process which led to Crisan’s self-discovery. Active listening skills and
reflective skills were both used by the counselor.
2. As a counselor, Crisel always made her client realized that people are
fallible who would continue to make mistakes, yet at the same time
learn to live with themselves for we are both rational and irrational
individuals.
3. In order to resolve issues of her clients, Cheska always adheres to
the principle of the “here and now”. She helps clients to be attentive to
all parts of themselves: posture, breathing, and methods of movement.
Quiz
4. In conducting counseling, Inday provides activities
that would lead the client to reflect and be aware of
him believing that reflection and self-awareness help
a client shape his own life.
5. Sahaya is a university counselor. She always
believes that focusing on the present and highlighting
a client’s strengths would help him learn more
realistic behavior and achieve success.
