BIOENERGETICS
DR. SHAHAB UDDIN
SENIOR LECTURER
Harper's Biochemistry, 28th Ed. 1
CONTENTS
Define Bioenergetics
Define energy
What cell do with energy
Endergonic and exergonic reaction
Cellular metabolism
What is ATP
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BIOENERGETICS
A discipline within biochemistry
dedicated to the study of energy
flow within living systems
Energy is essential for life.
It takes energy to operate muscles,
extract wastes, make new cells, heal
wounds, even to think.
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Harper's Biochemistry, 28th Ed.
BIOENERGETICS
It is a field in biochemistry that concerns energy flow through living
systems.
Active area of biological research that includes the study of
thousands of different cellular processes that can lead to
production and utilization of energy in forms such as ATP
molecules.
Bioenergetics is the part of biochemistry concerned with the energy
involved in making and breaking of chemical bonds in the
molecules found in biological organisms.
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Harper's Biochemistry, 28th Ed.
CONTINUED:
Growth, development and metabolism are some of the central
phenomena in the study of biological organisms.
The role of energy is fundamental to such biological processes.
Living organisms obtain energy from organic and inorganic
materials.
For example, In photosynthesis, autotrophs can produce ATP using
light energy.
Heterotrophs must consume organic compounds.
These are mostly carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Two types of organisms in this world
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
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Harper's Biochemistry, 28th Ed.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Process of converting CO2 and H2O (inorganic) in to Glucose
(organic)
Factors affecting plant ability to make glucose
Temperature
CO2
Water Light
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RESPIRATION LOOKS LIKE
Process of unlocking energy in glucose releasing CO2 and gaining
ATP
Cellular respiration
C6H12O6+6O2=6H2O+6CO2+ATP
What factors would affect plant/animal ability to
make ATP from glucose
Temperature
Glucose
O2
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WHAT IS ENERGY?
Capacity to perform work.
There are two examples:
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy
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KINETIC ENERGY
Energy in the process of doing work.
Energy of motion For Example SUN
1. Heat
2. Light Energy
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POTENTIAL INJURY
Energy that matter occupies because of it’s
location, arrangement, or position.
Energy of position
Examples:
Water Behind a Dam
Chemical Energy (Gas)
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FREE ENERGY
Free energy is the useful energy in a system
Gibbs change in free energy ΔG is that portion of the total
energy change in a system that is available for doing work
i.e. the useful energy also known as chemical potential.
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FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
Energy can never be created nor destroyed but it can be converted
in other form.
It means energy in universe is constant
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SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
Second law of thermodynamics states that total entropy of a system
must increase if a process is to occur spontaneously.
Entropy is the extent of disorder or randomness of the system.
(Entropy: The amount of disorder in a system)
ΔG = ΔH – TΔS
ΔS is change in entropy
ΔG is change in free energy
ΔH is change in enthalpy (heat)
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ENDERGONIC REACTIONS
Chemical reaction that requires a net input of energy.
Example: Photosynthesis
Light
SUN Energy
6CO2 + 6H2O + 6O2
C6H12O6
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EXERGONIC REACTIONS
Chemical reactions that releases energy.
Example:
1. Cellular Respiration
Energy
+ 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
C6H12O6
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WHAT CAN CELLS DO
WITH ENERGY?
Cells use energy for:
◦ Chemical work
◦ Mechanical work
◦ Electrochemical work
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CELLULAR METABOLISM
The combine catabolic and anabolic processes constitute metabolism.
In general, metabolism can be split into 2 groups of reactions:
CATABOLISM: Which breaks down molecules, releasing energy. The
exergonic rather than exothermic reactions are termed as catabolism.
ANABOLISM: Which uses energy from ATP to synthesize large
molecules, including macromolecules. The endergonic reactions are
example.
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ANABOLIC PATHWAY
Metabolic reactions, which consume energy
(endergonic), to build complicated molecules from
simpler compounds.
Example: light
SUN energy
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + 6O2
C6H12O6
(glucose)
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CATABOLIC PATHWAY
Metabolic reactions which release energy
(exergonic) by breaking down complex molecules
in simpler compounds.
Example:
1. Cellular Respiration energy
C H O + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2 O
AT
(g6 lu1c2 os6 e) P
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WHAT IS ATP?
ATP is the universal energy carrier
Most cell processes use the same energy source, the
rechargeable energy carrier, adenosine-tri-
phosphate ATP.
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ATP COMPONENTS
Adenine: Nitrogenous base
Ribose: Five carbon sugar
Phosphate group: Chain of three
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HOW DOES ATP WORK?
The phosphate groups are held to each other by very
high energy chemical bonds.
Under certain conditions, the end phosphate can break
away and the energy released to the energy-hungry
reactions that keep a cell alive.
When the end phosphate is released, what is left is
ADP, adenosine diphosphate.
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CONTINUED:
This change from TRI to DI is taking place constantly as
ATPs circulate through cells.
The recharging of ADP to ATP requires a huge energy
investment, and that energy comes from the food we eat.
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HYDROLYSIS OF ATP
ATP + H2O ADP + P (exergonic)
P P P
+
P P P
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DEHYDRATION OF ADP
ADP + P ATP + H2O (endergonic)
P P P
+
P P P
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SUMMARY:
Bioenergetics is the branch of biochemistry that focuses on
how cells transform energy, often by producing, storing or
consuming adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Bioenergetic processes, such as cellular respiration or
photosynthesis, are essential to most aspects of cellular
metabolism, therefore to life itself.
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REFERENCES:
Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 28th Edition
Lippincott Illustrated Review, by Pamela.
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