CONTEXT & INFERENCE
SEMANTICS
Group
DENIUS TIKAHANBERNI BIDANGAN
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M. DHIMAS AGUNG S TRY PROBO ARDIYANSYAH
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Definition Context
Meaning attributed to words due to the content, form, style
or origin of a text, rather than by the customary linguistic
definition of the word.
Semantic Contexts
represent the sequences at different hierarchical levels of
natural language concepts of various complexities.
Inference” means that automatic procedures can generate
new relationships based on the data and based on some
additional information in the form of a vocabulary, e.g., a set
of rules.
The process of inference involves the automated discovery
of new facts based on a combination of data and rules for
understanding that data. Inference is the process of inferring
or discovering new facts about your data based on a set of
rules. Inference with semantic triples means that automatic
procedures can generate new relationships (new facts) from
existing triples.
INTRODUCTION
Any linguistic form that we use to accomplish the task of
pointing out is called deixis. The deictic words such as I, we,
you, he, she, this, that, it, now, then, here, there,
tomorrow, yesterday, etc., are different linguistic forms and
are called deictic expressions. The meanings of deictic
expressions can be understood only in terms of speakers
intended meanings.
For example:
Speaker A: Have you brought the book?
Speaker B: Yes
The word the is obviously a deictic expression whose
exact meaning can only be understood in terms of speaker
A’s intended meaning.
Deixis
Spatial Deixis
Grammatiacalization of context
Extensions of spatial deixis
Person Deixis
Social Deixis
SPATIAL DEIXIS
The concept of distance mentioned before in conjunction with
the third person form is also relevant to spatial deixis, since it
indicates the relative distance of people and things.
Contemporary English makes use of the adverbs here (close to
the speaker) and there (relatively distant from the speaker) for
the basic distinction. In other languages , like e.g. in Brazilian
Portuguese, you will find a four-part distinction: aqui (near the
speaker), aí (near the addressee), ali (distant from the speaker)
lá (more distant from the speaker). Note that even though the
number of forms to describe closeness/distance differ in various
languages (2-30), the speaker remains a basic point of reference
for spatial deixis.
Grammaticization
of context
Grammaticization is a process of language change by
which words representing objects and actions (i.E.
Nouns and verbs) become grammatical markers
(affixes, prepositions, etc.). Thus it creates new
function words by a process other than deriving them
from existing bound, inflectional constructions, instead
deriving them from content words.
Extensions of spatial
deixis
According to Saeed (2013), systems of spatial deixis
are also used in other domains. For example they are
often used as a form of orientation within a discourse,
in what we could therefore call 'discourse' or 'textual
deixis', as when we say:
16. Here our argument runs into some difficulties.
17. At this point we have to look back to our initial
premises. In many languages too, spatial deixis terms,
such as demonstratives, are extended to refer to time.
An example of this use of the demonstratives is below:
18. That year was much hotter than this one is.
Person Deixis
Any expression used to point a person is called person
deixis e.g. all pronouns such as I, you, he, she, me, him,
them etc. Person deixis concerns the persons involved
in an utterance, such as:
1. The persons directly involved e.g. the speaker and the
addressee.
2. The persons not directly involved e.g. those who hear
the utterance but are not being directly addressed.
3. The persons mentioned in the utterance. Certainly,
the distinctions are generally indicated by pronouns. The
following examples are self explanatory. i. I am going to
bazaar. ii. Would you like to have dinner. iii. They tried
to hurt me, but he came to the rescue.
Social Deixis
Social Deixis concerns the encoding of social
distinctions that are relative to participant-roles,
particularly aspects of the social relationship holding
between speaker and addressee(s) or speaker and
some referent. (Levinson, 1983: 63)
Social deixis concerns “that aspects of sentences which
reflect or establish or are determined by certain realties
of the social situation in which the speech act occurs.
(Fillmore, 1975: 76 in Levinson, 1983: 89)
Thank
you
“Thank you for Attention”
