EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
TO MAM JERAMIE S. ERPELO
BY AFRA’S WARRIORS :
SIDDIQUE AFRA
SENTILKUMAR MUTHU
AADITHYA
VINAYAGAM AGITH
SOUNDER RAJAN DEEPAK
BALASUBRAMANI
QASEM NASSER
KARRI DHANASHREE
GUNASHEELAN SHA VISMAYA
CONTEXT
THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE HISTORY
UNITS OF SELECTION AND EVOLUTION
OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE HISTORY
EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY OF LIFE
HISTORIES
Life histories are the specific details of an organism’s life
cycle and reproductive strategy
for example salmon fish swims up a river for spawning
and after spawning it will die and also emperor penguin
each year walks almost 100 miles to produce a single
egg.
Both of these species are shaped by evolution in different
ways .
•From this example we can say life histories will
be different for different species , but also not all
fishes die after spawning and not all birds travel
100 miles to lay a single egg so therefore life
histories are also different for same type of animals
•Organisms living in different environments are
effected by physical factors like temperature,
pressure. These factors are different for different
organisms.
These factors are responsible for variations which
are responsible for the corresponding diversity of
life history patterns.
TILL DEATH DO US PART: THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE SPAN
Evolution has led to many types of life spans .
Giant sequoias, for example live for thousands of
years , guinea pig with best food and care , might
live as long as 8 years.
WHY DIE ? TRADE-OFFS AND RISKS
For example trading longer life for more offspring,
the organism increases its ability to pass on its
genes . Here the organism is getting more copies of
its own gees into next generation ,not just making
room for somebody else’s.
Living longer can be risky .The longer the
organism lives, the greater chance that it will
become ill or get eaten by predator.
When the risk of death is higher, natural selection
favors genes for earlier reproduction
ITS GOOD TO REPRODUCE OFTEN, EXCEPT WHEN IT’
Laboratory experiments have shown that life-
history traits specially, life span and metabolic
trade offs do evolve.
Organisms that reproduce several times –
humans ,birds, and numerous other creatures-are
called iteroparous. Organisms that reproduce only
once are called semelparous. Salmon fish is the
good example of semelparity.
Semelparity is the most extreme example of the
trade-offs between survival and reproduction.
EARLY VS. LATER REPRODUCTION
REPRODUCING EARLY: genes involved in early
reproduction will make it into the next generation much
faster.
REPRODUCING LATER: an organism that delays
reproduction has more resources to devote to survival
than an organism that reproduces early.
In comparing the two strategies, it certainly appears that
the better reproductive strategy is to wait until the
organism is large enough to make many more offspring.
PROVING THE POINT WITH GUPPIES
David Resnick and co-workers set up an
experiment in a natural environment by using
guppies as experimental organisms.
The guppies in different
Habitats had different
characteristics
In the low predation environment, the guppies
reproduced at later age, when they were larger
In high predation environments, the guppies
reproduced earlier , when they were smaller
•Number of offspring depends on size, it may be
with more number with less size or less number
with more size.
WHY AGE?
Organisms often seem to undergo a gradual
breakdown before death – a process called aging.
Selection acts less strongly on traits that are
expressed late in life.
Selection is stronger in early life .
When you become old by then genes are already
passed to next generation so selection acts less
strongly in later life.
UNITS OF SELECTION AND THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL
BEHAVIOR
INCLUSIVE FITNESS AND KIN SELECTION:
Evolutionary fitness is measure of how good an
organism is getting its genes into future generations.
But another way for an organism to get its genes into
next generation is to help its relatives get their genes into
next generation – which is the main idea behind
inclusive fitness and kin selection.
WHAT IS INCLUSIVE FITNESS ?
Inclusive fitness is simply the sum of an individual’s
fitness plus the additional benefits accrued through
increasing the fitness of related individuals to understand
how inclusive fitness works in ore common situations,
you need to understand a concept called degree of
relatedness, which simply means how many of your
genes you share with others.
FOR SEXUALLY REPRODUCING ORGANISMS THE
DEGREE OF RELATEDNESS IS AS FOLLOWS
Between parents and offspring
To full siblings
To half siblings
To your siblings’ children
NOT REPRODUCING TO HELP YOUR FAMILY : KIN
SELECTION
kin selection is a theory about the evolution of
altruism
When animal risks itself to help relatives survive,
since they are related some of that animal’s genes
still get passed on
Altruistic animals still persist because their genes
are present in the relatives they save
LEVELS OF SELECTION
Individual selection, some individuals survive to
reproduce, and some don’t. In this, selection
occurs at individual level. If the differences in
survival and reproduction are the result of
particular genes, these genes will increase in
frequency in the next generation.
Group selection, according to group selection
theory some genes have an effect at the level of
the group. Genes that act at the group level affect
survival and reproduction.
SELECTION AT THE LEVEL OF GENE
Selection can also work at gene level for example
when a diploid individual produces haploid
gametes
This phenomenon is selection at the gene level or
meiotic drive.
THE EVOLUTION OF ALTRUISTIC SOCIAL SYSTEMS
Any behavior that reduces an individual animal’s
fitness but increases the fitness of other
individuals in the behavior is said to be altruistic
behavior
COOPERATIVE BREEDING
COOPERATIVE BREEDING IS TWO TYPES:
Non –reproductive individuals helping other
birds to reproduce
Groups of reproductive individuals getting
together and helping each other
Example :
Groove billed ani
ONE GOOD TURN DESERVES ANOTHER:RECIPROCAL
ALTRUISM
In Reciprocal altruism good deed doer will get
immediate benefit
Example vampire bats
EUSOCIALITY
Eusociality is a social system characterized by
reproductive specialization.
One or some individuals in the colony bear all
offspring , and non-reproductive individuals
assist in caring for the offspring.
EXAMPLES OF EUSOCIALITY
Ants , bees and wasps are examples of eusociality
MULTICELLULARITY
Multicellularity is also a part of evolution
Different group of cells have different functions
selected naturally
Thank you
