PARKINSON DISEASE
WAFAA DRAO (1901618)
ZEINA MALLAT (1900003)
SUBMIT TO: DR. MARIAM GOGICHADZE
PARKINSON‘S DISEASE
• A person with Parkinson's has abnormally low dopamine levels.
Dopamine-generating cells, known as dopaminergic neurons (types
of nerve cells) in pars compacta in the substantia nigra part of the
brain have died.
• When dopamine levels are too low which is inhibitory
neurotransmitter going to result in over excitation of the putamen
and caudate and possibly cause continuous output of excitatory
signals to the corticospinal motorcontrol system as result can over
excite the body muscle and cause rigidity .
• Dopamine levels progressively drop in patients with the disease, so
their symptoms gradually become more severe.
SUBSTANIA
NIGRA
The substantia nigra is a brain structure located in the
midbrain that plays an important role in reward,
addiction, and movement. Substantia nigra is Latin for
“black substance”, reflecting the fact that parts of the
substantia nigra appear darker than neighboring
areas due to high levels of neuromelanin in
dopaminergic neurons.
EFFECT OF SUBSTANIA NIGRA
• *Many of the dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra project to
the striatum, another part of the basal ganglia that is made up of
the caudate and putamen. In doing so they form a pathway called
the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway that is thought to be crucial in
the facilitation of movement, so it help control the
movements .
• Also having balance in dopamine help with precise
movement.
• *it is also thought to play important roles in a numbers of other
functions and behaviors, including learning, drug addiction and
emotion.
For better understanding of the function of the substancia nigra can
be by navigating what will happened if the substancia nigra is
damaged.
One of the most disease known for damaging the substancia nigra is
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
EARLY
SYMPTOMS
PARKINSON’S CHARACTERISTICS
Rigidity: result from lack of dopamine which result in over excitation of putamen and caudate that sends excitatory signals
to the motor control system that causes over excitation of the body muscle.
Tremors in resting state: Some of the feedback circuits might easily oscillate because of high feedback gains after loss of
their inhibition, leading to the tremor of Parkinson’s disease.
Bradykinesia - this is when the movements become slower, making it very difficult to perform even simple tasks.
Akinesia: Patients may even find themselves freezing like a statue in the middle of what are they doing (akinesia) ,which
thought to be because dopamine secretion in the limbic system, is often decreased along with its decrease in the basal
ganglia.
Also postural instability and poor balance ,Mimic face and dysphagia:
impaired ability to swallow
RISK FACTOR
TREATMENT
• There is no cure but medication that help to decrease the symptoms are found.
• One of the most commonly used medications for Parkinson’s is called levodopa.
• Levodopa/carbidopa this drug is converted into dopamine in the brain and replaces the natural dopamine that
has been lost. It is usually prescribed in the lowest dose possible so as to avoid unwanted side effects.
• Anticholinergic drugs: These drugs are helpful for maintaining dopamine levels, although they generally have
severe side effects in older people.
• Dopamine agonists: these medications mimic dopamine in that they are able to transfer information from on
neuron to the next in a similar way.
• Transplanted fetal dopamine cells.
• Destroying part of the feedback circuitry In the basal ganglia.
• Also : occupational, speech and physical therapy can help to live with the disease.
Parkinson's Gait
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sf1N0Zf5Iq
Thank You For
Your Attention
