Introduction to
Microbiology
1
Microbiology
Micros + bio+ logos = Microbiology
(small) (life) (study of)
₡ the study of organisms that are usually too
small to be seen by the unaided eye;
2
Definition of terms
Bacteria
Virus
Fungus –
Eukaryotic cell –
Procaryotic cell –
Parasite –
3
Aerobic –
Anaerobic –
Virulence –
Facultative –
Obligate
4
Toxin –
Hemolyze –
Antigen –
Antibody –
Sterilization –
Sepsis –
Allergy
5
Knowledge of microorganisms:
Allows humans to
– Prevent food spoilage
– Prevent disease occurrence
• Led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination
in medicine and in microbiology laboratories.
Why is it important to study
microorganisms?
Positive impact on Humans
Biodegradation (toxic wastes)
Food Production
Food Source
Element Recycling
Production of Industrial and Medical Products
Genetically-engineered Microorganisms (GEMs)
8
Brief History
Robert Hooke – Father of Cell Theory
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek – first to actually
observe live microorganisms
Spontaneous Generation
– Hypothesis that some forms of life could arise
spontaneously from non-living matter
9
Brief History: Golden Age
Louis Pasteur
Robert Koch
Ignaz Semmelweis er
Joseph Lister
10
Brief History: Golden Age
Edward Jenner
Pioneer of smallpox
vaccination and the Father
of Immunology
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/jenner_edward.shtml
11
Brief History: Golden Age
Paul Ehrlich
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich
Made the first synthetic
chemotherapeutic drug
(salvarsan)
Coined the term
“chemotherapy”
12
Brief History: Golden Age
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming-bio.html
Sir Alexander Fleming
Discovered penicillin
Nobel Prize Winner in 1945
for Medicine
13
Branches of Microbiology
Science Area of Study
Bacteriology Bacteria
Mycology Fungi
Protozoology Protozoa
Phycology Simple algae
Virology Viruses
Microbial morphology Detailed structure
Microbial physiology Antibiotics & toxins, chemical & physical agents on microbial
growth
Microbial genetics Genetic information
Microbial ecology Microorganisms & their habitat
Microbial taxonomy Classification; naming & identification of microorganisms
14
Branches of Microbiology
Science Area of Study
Immunology Immunity
Medical microbiology Disease of humans and animals
Public health microbiology Control of the spread of communicable diseases
Industrial microbiology Microorganisms used to make industrial products
Food and dairy microbiology Microbial spoilage of food & transmission of food-
borne diseases
Agricultural microbiology Impact of microorganisms on agriculture
Molecular biology How genetic information of microorganisms regulate
the development & function of cells & organisms
15
Diseases Caused by Bacteria
Diphtheria Gonorrhea
Meningitis Tetanus
Pneumonia Leptospirosis
Tuberculosis Plague
Dental caries Acne
Cholera
Leprosy
Staphylococcal food
poisoning Gangrene
Typhoid fever Anthrax
16
Diseases Caused by Fungi
Aflatoxin poisoning
Ergot poisoning
Ringworm of the feet
(athlete’s foot)
Dandruff
Meningitis
Candidiasis
17
Diseases Caused by Protozoans
Malaria
Amoebiasis
Giardiasis
African sleeping
sickness
Chagas’ disease
18
Diseases Caused by Helminths
Schistosomiasis
Ascariasis
Trichinosis
Tapeworm infestations
Pinworms
Hookworms
19
Diseases Caused by Viruses
AIDS (Acquired Encephalitis
Immunodeficiency Yellow fever
Syndrome)
Warts
Dengue
Smallpox Influenza
Chickenpox Mumps
Measles Hepatitis
Poliomyelitis
Rabies
20
Taxonomy
Science of biological classification
Useful for:
– Classification
– Nomenclature
– Identification
21
Scientific Nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus, 1753
Scientific name: Genus name + species
Capitalizegenus
Underline or italicize both genus and species
May use initial for genus after first use
Example:
Homo sapiens OR Homo sapiens
22
Taxonomy: Genus
Shape and/or arrangement
Staphylococcus Bacillus
Vibrio Micrococcus
In honor of persons
Pasteurella Erwinia
Eschericia Shigella
23
Taxonomy: Species
Disease
Vibrio cholerae
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pigment
Staphylococcus aureus
Micrococcus luteus
24
Taxonomy: Species
Place isolated from
Streptomyces venezuelae
Lactobacillus sanfrancisco
Leptospira manillae
25
Hierarchy of Taxonomic Rank
Kingdom
Division or Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
26
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Characteristic Prokaryote Eukaryote
Size of cell 0.20 – 2.0μm in 10 – 100μm in diameter
diameter
Nucleus No nuclear membrane True nucleus (nuclear
membrane & nucleoli)
Membrane-bounded Absent Present
organelles
Flagella Consist of 2 protein Complex; consist of multiple
building blocks microtubules
Glycocalyx Present as capsule or Present in some cells that
slime layer lack cell wall
Cell wall Usually present; When present, chemically
chemically complex simple
(peptidoglycan)
Plasma membrane No carbohydrates & Sterols & carbohydrates that
lacks sterols serve as receptors
Five-Kingdom System
₡ Monera (Prokaryote), Protista, Fungi, Plantae,
Animalia
₡ The four eukaryotic kingdoms are distinguished
according to:
₡ Nutritional requirements
₡ Patterns of development
₡ Tissue differentiation
₡ Presence of “9+2” flagella
28
Five-Kingdom System
Uni/Multi
Kingdom Nutrient Source Flagella? Example
cellular
Protista Uni - Yes Protozoa
Absorbed
Fungi Uni/Multi dissolved organic No Mushroom
matter
Generated
Plantae Multi through Yes Plants
photosynthesis
Ingestion of
Animalia Multi Yes Animals
organic matter
29
References
Talaro KP. (1999). Foundations in Microbiology: An
Introduction. (1994). USA: The Benjamin/Cummings
Publishing Company, Inc.
Tortora GJ, BR Funke & CL Case. (1995).
Microbiology: An Introduction. Bridge Parkway, CA:
The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.
Badon, M. General Microbiology - Class Notes.
Accessed at
https://www.uta.edu/biology/badon/classnotes/3444/G
MLecture1.htm on June 17
, 2008.
30
Acknowledgment
DFCornago, Instructor, Department of Food
Science and Nutrition, College of Home
Economics, University of the Philippines,
Diliman.
31
