ADJECTIVE

AND
ADVERB CLAUSES
By: Dwi Meifa Saptiani, M.Pd.
 Introduction
• Clause:
is a group of words containing a subject and a verb
• Independent Clause:
is a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and
verb of a sentence. (It is also called “a main clause”).
• Dependent Clause:
is not a complete sentence. It must be connected to an
independent clause.
There are two kinds of dependent clauses:

• Adjective Clause
• Adverb Clause
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
What is Adjective Clause?
• A dependent clause that modifies a noun. It
describes, identifies, or gives further information
about noun. (An adjective clause is also called “ a
relative clause”).

• Adjective clause pronouns uses pronouns to connect

the dependent clause to the independent clause.
The adjective clause pronouns are who, whom,
which, that, and where. (adjective clause pronouns
are also called “ relative pronouns”).
 • Subject:
I thanked the woman
-I thanked the woman who helped me
She helped me - I thanked the woman that helped me

• Object of a verb:
The man was Mr. Jones
-The man who (m) I saw was Mr. Jones
I saw Him - The man that I saw was Mr. Jones

• Object of preposition:
The music was good
-The music to which we listened last night was good
We listened to it last night -The music which we listened to last night was good
- The music that we listened to last night was good

• Who: used for people

• Which: used for things
• That: used for both of them
 • Whose: used to show possession
I know the man
- I know the man whose bicycle was stolen
His bicycle was stolen - I know the man that bicycle was stolen

• Where: used to show location

The building is very old
- The building where he lives is very old
He lives there (in that building) -The building in which he lives is very old
- The building which he lives in is very old
- The building that he lives in is very old

• When: used to show time

I’ll never forget the day
- I’ll never forget the day when I met you
I met you then (on that day) - I’ll never forget the day on which I met you
- I’ll never forget the day that I met you
 EXERCISES
1960 is the year
The revolution took place then (in that year)

The student is from China

They sit in the front row

Mr. Catt has a painting

Its value is inestimable

The movie wasn’t very good

We saw it last night

She is the woman

I told you about her

That is the drawer

I keep my jewelry there (in that drawer)
 ADVERB CLAUSE
a. When we were in New York, we saw several When we were in New York is an adverb
plays clause.
PUNCTUATION: When an adverb clause
b. We saw several plays when we were in New precedes an independent clause, as in (a), a
York comma is used to separate the clauses. When
the adverb clause follows, as in (B), usually no
comma is used.

c. Because he was sleepy, he went to bed. Like when, because introduces an adverb
clause. Because he was sleepy is an adverb
d. Hewent to bed because he was sleepy. clause

e. INCORRECT: Adverb clauses are dependent clauses. They

- When we were in New York. We saw several cannot stand alone as a sentence in written
plays. English. They must be connected to an
- He went to bed. Because he was sleepy. independent clause
 Summary List of Words Used to
Introduce Adverb Clauses
Time Cause & Contrast Direct Condition
Effect Contrast
After By the time Because Enve though While If
(that)
Before Once Now that Although whereas Unless
When As / so long as since Though - Only if
While Whenever - - - Whether or
not
As Every time - - - Even if
(that)
As soon as The first time - - - In case
(that)
since The last time - - - In the event
(that) that
Until The next time - - - -
(that)
 Using Adverb Clauses to Show Cause and Effect
Because a. Because he was sleepy, he went to bed An adverb clause may precede or
b. He went to bed because he was sleepy follow the independent clause.
Notice the punctuation in (a) and
(b).
Now that c. Now that the semester is over, I’m going Now that means “because now”.
to rest a few days and take a trip. In (c): Now that the semester is
d. Jack lost his job. Now that he’s over means “because the
unemployed, he can’t pay his bills. semester is now over”. Now that
is used for present causes of
present or future situations.
Since e. Since Monday is holiday, we don’t have When since is used to mean
to go to work. “because”, it expresses a known
d. Since you’re a good cook and I’m not, cause; it means “because it is a
you should cook the dinner. fact that” or “ given that it is true
that”. Cause and effect sentences
with since say: “Given the fact
that X is true, Y is the result”. In
(e): “Given the fact that Monday
is a holiday, we don’t have to go
to work”.
 Exercises
1. (IC, DC, SC, (,) (.))
• When it began to rain he closed the windows
• He closed the windows when it began to rain
2. Complete sentences
• Since I came to ..................
• I had already.........when.......
3. (Combine and adverb clause)
• We can go swimming every day. The weather is warm
• All of the students had done poorly on the test. The teacher decided to give it
again.
4. Complete
• Larry’s in good shape physically .....................he gets a lot of exercise.
• .....................I see him tomorrow, I will ask him.
I turned off the lights. After that, I left the room.
a. Before b. By the time c. After
E.g.:
- I turned off the lights before I left the room.
- By the time I left the room, I had turned off the lights.
- After I turned off the lights, I left the room.
5. Susan sometimes feels nervous. Then she chews her nails.
a. Whenever b. After c. Every time