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Research Methodology: Nahda International College Pharmacy Program 2020-2021

The document discusses research methodology, including defining research and methodology, describing the research process, and discussing qualities of good research. It covers types of research such as basic vs applied research and classifications including descriptive, experimental, and historical research. The stages of the research process are also outlined.

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Basil Domi
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41 views

Research Methodology: Nahda International College Pharmacy Program 2020-2021

The document discusses research methodology, including defining research and methodology, describing the research process, and discussing qualities of good research. It covers types of research such as basic vs applied research and classifications including descriptive, experimental, and historical research. The stages of the research process are also outlined.

Uploaded by

Basil Domi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

Nahda International college


Pharmacy Program
2020-2021

Research methodology

Prepared by:
Bedria salaheldeen hassan
( B.Pharm, MSc Clinical Pharmacy) 1
Introduction to research
methodology
Learning objective

After the end of this lecture students will be able to:


• Defined Research process
• Know the classifications of research

• Define and discuss methodology


• Describe the research process
• Discuss A good research method
3
Methodology

• Methodology is the systematic, theoretical


analysis of the methods applied to a field of
study. It comprises the theoretical analysis of
the body of methods and principles associated
with a branch of knowledge
• A methodology does not set out to provide solutions
- it is, therefore, not the same thing as a method.
Instead, it offers the theoretical underpinning for
understanding which method, set of methods or best
practices which can be applied to specific case, for
example, to calculate a specific result.
Research Defined and Described
“Research is the systematic approach to
obtaining and confirming new and reliable
knowledge”
– Systematic and orderly (following a series of
steps)
– Purpose is new knowledge, which must be reliable

This is a general definition which applies to all


disciplines
6
• Research anchors on scientific reasoning; which
could be inductive and deductive or both.
• Research is a combination of both experience
and reasoning and can be said to be the most
appropriate way of discovering the truth,
precisely in the natural Sciences.
Purposes of research
• The need to research came due to the following reason
1. To acquire a degree
2. To get respectability
3. To face a challenge
4. To solve a problem
5. To get Intellectual Joy
6. To Serve Society by increasing Standard of living for
Science and technology and by showing right path to
society in case of social and behavioral Sciences.
Qualities of Good Research

• A good research method should lead to

i Originality/ Novelty

ii Contribution to knowledge

iii Significance

iv Technical soundness

v. Critical assessment of existing work


Research methodology
• This is a set of systematic technique used in research.
This simply means a guide to research and how it is
conducted. It describes and analysis methods, throws
more light on their limitations and resources, clarify
their pre- suppositions and consequences, relating their
potentialities to the twilight zone at the frontiers of
knowledge.
Advantages of Research Methodology
1. Advancement of wealth of human being
2. Provision of tools for carrying out the research
3. Develops a critical and scientific attitude, disciplined
thinking to observations
4. Enrichment of the research process and provision of
chance for in-depth study and understanding of the subject
5. Helps to inculcate the ability to evaluate and use
research results with reasonable confidence and in
decision making
6. Inculcates the ability to learn to read and think critically.
• There are four basic methods of conducting a
research study:

1. Survey: This is used to obtain data about


practices, situation views at one point in time
through questionnaire or interviews
2. Case Study: this involves an attempt to
describe relationships which exist in reality
3. Simulations: This involves copying the behavior
of a system and is used in situations where it is
difficult to solve problems analytically. It typically
involves the introduction of random variables. It has
a problem of making the data collected sufficient
enough to resemble reality.
4. Subjective/argumentative research: This is used
for generating new theories and ideas which can
subsequently be tested. It is subject to research bias.
It is unstructured and subjective form of research.
5. Action research: This is the most useful form
of research. It involves application in which the
researcher attempts to develop results or obtain
solutions of practical value to the people with
whom the researcher is working and at the same
time developing theoretical knowledge.
Types of Research

• There are several criteria for the classification


of research types these include method of
research and goal of research. Research can
also be classified by the research method used.
Basic vs Applied Research
• Basic – to determine or establish fundamental facts
and relationships within a discipline or field of study.
Develop theories … (examples in economics?)
• Applied – undertaken specifically for the purpose of
obtaining information to help resolve a particular
problem
• The distinction between them is in the application
– Basic has little application to real world policy and
management but could be done to guide applied research

16
Classification of Research
i. Action Research: This type of research is mostly
essential in applied research where it requires
implanting recommended changes to a process,
bearing in mind to solve a problem and to carry out
research to determine the effectiveness of identified
changes. It aims at solving an identified problem
based on recommendations made to a process
ii. Creative Research: Creative research involves
the development of new theories; new procedures
and new inventions and is used to some extent in
all fields, in contrast to experimental research,
creative research is much less structured and
cannot always be preplanned. This type of research
includes both practical and theoretical research.
iii. Descriptive Research: This type of research is also
called a “case –study research”. It involves studying a
specific situation to ascertain whether any general theories
may arise out of it whether an existing theory are borne
out by specific situations. e.g in anthropological studies

iv. Experimental Research: The cornerstone of science


is experimental and creative research. Experimental
research is primarily concerned with cause and effect.
Here the variables of interest are identified (i.e. the
dependent and independent variables)and the researcher
seeks to determine the effect of changes in the independent
variables on the dependent variable.

v. Ex-post facto Research: This is Research “from after


the fact” and this type of research typically occurs using
data generated from experimental research. While in
experimental research, the effect is determined from the
cause, here the cause is deduced from the effect.
vi. Expository Research: This is research based
purely on existing information and normally
leads to “review –type reports”. It involves
reading widely on a field, comparing and
contrasting, analyzing and synthesizing all points
of view and developing new insights.
vii. Historical Research: Studies on the past to
determine cause-effect patterns. This type of
research is often geared towards using past events
to examine current situation and to predict future
situation. e.g stock market forecasting. Data is
gathered from primary sources (records made at the
time of past events) and secondary sources (records
made after the event).
Stages of the research process
• Formulating and clarifying a topic

• Reviewing the literature

• Designing the research

• Collecting the data

• Analysing the data

• Writing up of the dissertation/paper/report etc.


Any question or comment?

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