Mitutoyo (U.K.

) Ltd
Institute of Metrology

GEOPAK Three
Software Training

1
 INDEX

Description Page
Help is only a phone call away ! 4
Welcome to Mitutoyo (UK) Ltd 5
Principles of Setting Up Components 6
Probe Calibration 7
Elevations and Planes 9
Co-ordinate Systems (Types 1 to 4) 10
Cylindrical Alignment 18
Co-ordinate System Menu - Plane Alignment 23
Co-ordinate System Menu - Create Origin Point 24
Co-ordinate System Menu - Axis Alignment 25
Co-ordinate System Menu - Off Set Alignment 26
Co-ordinate System Menu - Rotate Co-ordinate System 27
Measurement Commands 28
Measurement Menu - Single Point Command 29
Measurement Menu - Side - 2D Polar 30
Measurement Menu - Side - 3D Polar 31
Measurement Menu - Circle 32
Measurement Menu - Sphere 33
Measurement Menu - Cone 34
Measurement Menu - Cylinder 35
Measurement Menu - Line 36
Measurement Menu - Plane 37
Measurement Menu - Point 38
Measurement Menu - Point with Compensation 39
Construction and Calculation Commands 40
Calculation Commands - Symmetry 41
Calculation Commands - Intersection 43
Calculation Commands - Connection Element 45
2
 INDEX

Description Page
Calculation Commands - Distance 46
Calculation Commands - Angle 49
Formula Computation 50
Tolerance Comparison 53
Copying Programmes 54
Headlines 55
Directory Mode 56
System Parameters 57
Program Editing 59
Types Of Element Calculation 60
How big is a micron ? 62
Appendices
Angles in Relation to Geometric Elements Appendix One 63

3
 Help is only a phone call away !

CMM Training(Coventry):- Phone 08707 207037 Fax 02476 426337 Email:

[email protected]
Wayne Sadler Carl Byrne Nick Thompson Nicola Ellis
CMM Training (Halifax):- Phone 01422 375566 Fax 01422 328005
Neil MacPhee
CMM Training (East Kilbride):- Phone 01355 581170 Fax 01355 581171

Service:- Phone Fax

Terry Welfare (Andover) 01264 353123 01264 354883

Software Support::-

Jonathan Powis (Andover) 01926 450044 01926 450476

Sub-Contract Programming/Measurement::-
Alan Ward / Darren Hoult
(Coventry) 08707 207037 02476 426337
Len Slater / Dave French
(Halifax) 01422 375566 01422 328005

Calibration Laboratory (UKAS):-

Len Saundry / Alan Roberts
(Coventry) 08707 207037 08707 207747

General Enquiries / Information Contact::-

Mitutoyo (U.K.) Ltd. - Joule Road - West Point Business Park - Andover - Hants - SP10 3UX
Tel : 01264 353123 Fax : 01264 354883
Web site: http://www.mitutoyo.co.uk/mitutoyo/ E-mail : [email protected]

It is the policy of Mitutoyo (UK) Ltd. to offer a range of help services to our
customers.
Please do not sit on a problem, call us - we are here to help.

4
 Welcome to Mitutoyo (UK) Ltd

Welcome to Mitutoyo, Warwick. We hope that you find your training course highly
instructive and enjoyable.
To help ensure that you have a problem free course we would like to draw your attention to
the following points:-
• A copy of our Fire Safety instructions are detailed below, please read them now.
• A qualified First Aider is always available at the main reception. This is also the
location of our First Aid box.
• We request that you do not enter parts of the building other than those shown to
you by our training instructors.
• Mitutoyo operates a non smoking policy throughout the company.
• Lunch is provided as a courtesy between 12.30pm and 1.30pm, there is also a
coffee break each morning and afternoon.
• Mitutoyo strives to make sure your visit is informative, enjoyable and as safe as
possible. We can not however, be held responsible for loss or injury caused by
misuse of any of our equipment.

FIRE SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS

If you discover a fire, break the nearest fire point glass.
These can be found at:-
• Main exit to training facility
• Rear exit to training facility
• Top of main stairs
• Top of fire escape stairs to upper training room
• Main reception
•Adjacent to the fire door in the showroom
On hearing the alarm bell (a continuous ring), LEAVE the building by the nearest exit.
DO NOT USE THE LIFT
Assemble in the car park at the front of the main building
To ensure that all visitors are registered we request that you sign in at reception every day.

5
 Principles of Setting Up Components

• Basic Principles CMM Technique

Get it Flat Plane Alignment

• Get it Square Axis Alignment

• Set a Datum Define Origin

datum origin

• The component A Co-ordinate system

is now SET UP is now SET
6
 Probe Calibration

Effect and reasoning of probe calibration

The diagram below shows the effect when contact is made with the probe

Probe before contact

A

Probe after contact

Deflection
B

NOTE: The longer the probe the more the deflection (dimensions A & B)

Movement before
registration of the point Probe Tip

er
et
a m
Contact e Di Contact
iv
ct
ff e
E

Movement before
registration of the point
Physical Diameter

NOTE: The effective diameter (calibrated size)should always be smaller than the
physical diameter shown. 7
 Probe Calibration

Probe Calibration
Example of a probe calibration on the masterball.

Stylus

Master
Ball

Arrows show the five recommended

probing positions on master ball

Calibration of a single probe showing the maximum difference between the points

DP Define Probe
2 Calibrate Probe
5 Number of points
1 Probe Number 1 (take 5 points)
0 Probe Number 0 - No more probes (Unless you need to
calibrate more probe positions)
Y Yes to store to disc
CHECK PROBE DIA. and MAXIMUM DIFFERENCE.

If probe number 1 Calibration is not acceptable, instead of inputting 0 to end the

calibration, input 1 again and recalibrate.
If more than one probe is to be calibrated press 2, 3 etc. until complete.
Example of size and maximum difference (dia. 2,999 max. diff. 0,001) mm.

8
 Elevations and Planes

Z Z
Front Elevation End Elevation

ZX Plane
YZ Plane

X Y

Y Axis
Y
Plan View
Z Axis XY Plane

YZ
XY Plane ZX Plane Plane

X X Axis

TITLE
A Drawing

9
 Co-ordinate System Type 1

Y
OBJECTIVE
10 1 2 Get the top face level and the
Top front face square, set the origin
9 Face (datum) at the intersection of
Left front face and left face
Face 3 4 X
8
5 6 7

Front
Face
1. Plane Align top face (get level) Points ‘1’ to ‘4’
2. Axis Align front face (get it square) Points ‘5’ to ‘7’
3. Origin (Datum) at intersection points ‘8’ to ‘10’

Memory Menu Command

Number
1 Meas. PL Plane on top face (4 points)
Coord. CS Co-ordinate System
1 Plane Alignment
3 XY Plane
2 Meas. LN Line on front of face (3 Points)
3 Meas. LN Line on left hand face (3 Points)
4 Calc. IN Intersection
Coord. CS Co-ordinate System
2 Create origin point
4 Last measured point
Meas. MR Memory recall
2 Line in memory number 2
Coord. CS Co-ordinate system
3 Axis alignment
X As ‘X’ axis
F8 OK
Coord. CS Co-ordinate System
8 Store Co-ordinate System

10
 Co-ordinate System Type 1

Example of Use
Fill in the missing dimensions

11
 Co-ordinate System Type 2

Y
OBJECTIVE
1 Top 2 Get top face level, square up
Face X through centre of two circles
and set datum at centre of
first circle
3 4

5 to 8 datum circle 9 to 12

1. Plane Align top face (get level) Points ‘1’ to ‘4’

2. Axis Align through circles (get it square) Points ‘5’ to ‘8’ & ‘9’ to ‘12’
3. Origin (Datum) at centre of circle points ‘5’ to ‘8’

Memory Menu Command

Number
1 Meas. PL Plane align top face (4 points)
Coord. CS Co-ordinate system
1 Plane alignment
3 XY Plane
2 Menu. CR Circle in left hand hole (4 Points)
Coord. CS Co-ordinate System
2 Create origin point
4 Last measured point
3 Meas. CR Circle in right hand hole (4 Points)
Coord. CS Co-ordinate system
3 Axis alignment
X As ‘X’ Axis
F8 OK
Coord. CS Co-ordinate System
8 Store Co-ordinate System

12
 Co-ordinate System Type 2

Example of Use
Fill in the missing
dimensions

13
 Co-ordinate System Type 3

Y
1 OBJECTIVE
2
Top X Get top face level and front
Face face square, set datum in the
centre of the circle
3 4
5 6 7
Front
Face
8 to 11 Datum Circle

1. Plane Align top face (get level) Points ‘1’ to ‘4’

2. Axis Align front face (get it square) Points ‘5’ to ‘7’
3. Origin At centre of circle (Datum) points (‘8’ to ‘11’)

Memory Menu Command

Number
1 Meas PL Plane align top face (4 points)
Coord CS Co-ordinate system
1 Plane alignment
3 XY Plane
2 Meas LN Line measurement, 3 points on front face
Coord CS Co-ordinate System
3 Axis alignment
X X Axis
F8 OK
3 Meas. CR Circle measurement (4 Points in centre hole)
Coord CS Co-ordinate system
2 Create origin point
4 Last measured point
Coord. CS Co-ordinate System
8 Store Co-ordinate System

14
 Co-ordinate System Type 3

Example of Use
Fill in the missing dimensions

15
 Co-ordinate System Type 4

Y
OBJECTIVE
1 2
Top X Get top face level and front
Face face square, set datum for the
‘X’ axis only in the centre of
the circle and set datum for
3 4
the ‘Y’ axis on the front face.
5 6 7
Front Face
(Datum ‘Y’)
8 to 11
(Datum ‘X’)
1. Plane Align top face (get level) Points ‘1’ to ‘4’
2. Axis Align front face (get it square) Points ‘5’ to ‘7’
3. Origin At the centre of the circle (points ‘8’ to ‘11’) - datum for
the ‘X’ axis and on the front face for the ‘Y’ axis.

Memory Menu Command

Number
1 Meas PL Plane align top face (4 points)
Coord CS Co-ordinate system
1 Plane alignment
3 XY Plane
2 Meas LN Line measurement, 3 points on front face
Coord CS Co-ordinate System
3 Axis alignment
X ‘X’ Axis
F8 OK
3 Meas CR Circle measurement (4 Points in centre hole)
Coord CS Co-ordinate system
2 Create origin point
1 To last measured ‘X’ co-ordinate
Meas MR Memory recall
2 Line in memory number 2
Coord CS Co-ordinate System
2 Create origin point
2 To last measured ‘Y’ co-ordinate 16
 Co-ordinate System Type 4

Example of Use
Fill in the missing dimensions

17
 Cylindrical Alignment

Align cylinder vertically true with XY plane. Set origin at intersection of cylinder and top
face
2 Points Y 0 deg
Origin Point
Top Face

X 0 deg

3 Points

1 2 3
Line (Front face)
Memory Menu Command
Number
Sys PN Option 4, Projection OFF
1 Meas CY Cylinder
(5 points - 3 at bottom and 2 at top)
2 Meas PL Plane on top face
3 Calc IN Intersection
CS Co-ordinate System
2 Create Origin Point
4 Last Measured Point
Meas MR Memory recall
1 Cylinder
Coord CS Co-ordinate System
1 Align Plane
3 XY Plane
Sys PN Option 3, XY Plane
4 Meas LN Line on front face
Coord CS Co-ordinate System
3 Axis Align
X X axis
To check bore alignment
Sys PN Option 4, Projection OFF
Meas MR Memory Recall
1 Cylinder in Memory 1
Output
X angle Y angle Z angle
90:00:00 90:00:00 00:00:00 18
 Cylindrical Alignment
(Plain Diameter)
Z
Y

X
CY 9 points

PL 4 points
Theoretical line to be keyed
Memory Menu Command in
Number
Sys PN Projection OFF
1 Meas CY Measure O/D of cylinder (9 points)
2 Meas PL Measure a plane on the end face (4 points)
3 Calc IN This creates a point where the cylinder’s axis cuts through the end face
Coord CS Option 2 Create Origin Point
Option 4 Last Measured Point
Meas MR Memory Recall the measured cylinder
Coord CS Option 1 Plane Alignment ………. of the ……….
XY Plane (if cylinder’s axis is running vertically on the machine)
YZ Plane (if cylinder’s axis is running Left to Right on the machine)
ZX Plane (if cylinder’s axis is running Front to Back on the machine)
Sys PN Projection ZX Plane (in this case)
Meas KI Key in the theoretical line (LN) using the following

Key in element
Line
X - Co-ord : 0.000
Y - Co-ord : 0.000
Z - Co-ord : 0.000
X - Angle : 00:00:00
Y - Angle : 90:00:00
Z - Angle : 90:00:00

F8 OK
Coord CS Option 3 Axis Alignment to the relevant axis 19
 Cylindrical Alignment
(Plain Diameter)

Z
LN 3 points Y

X
CY 9 points

PL 4 points

Memory Menu Command

Number
Sys PN Projection OFF
1 Meas CY Measure O/D of cylinder (9 points)
2 Meas PL Measure a plane on the end of face (4 points)
3 Calc IN This creates a point where the cylinder’s axis cuts through the end face
Coord CS Option 2 Create Origin Point
Option 4 Last measured point
Meas MR Memory Recall the measured cylinder
Coord CS Option 1 Plane Alignment ………. of the ……….
XY Plane (if cylinder’s axis is running vertically on the machine)
YZ Plane (if cylinder’s axis is running Left to Right on the machine)
ZX Plane (if cylinder’s axis is running Front to Back on the machine)
Sys PN Projection ZX Plane (in this case)
4 Meas LN Measure a line across the flat Left to Right
Coord CS Option 3 Axis Alignment to the relevant axis

20
 Cylindrical Alignment
(Different Diameter)
PL1 4 points
Z
Y

CY1 9 points
X

PL2 4 points CY2 9 points

Memory Menu Command

Number
Sys PN Projection OFF
1 Meas CY Measure first cylinder (9 points)
2 Meas PL Measure first plane (4 points)
3 Calc IN Intersection of the first plane and cylinder
4 Meas CY Measure second cylinder (9 points)
5 Meas PL Measure second plane (4 points)
6 Calc IN Intersection of the second plane and cylinder
Meas MR Memory Recall the first intersection point
Calc CE Connect Elements into a LN using two points
Coord CS Option 1 Plane Alignment ………. of the ……….
XY Plane (if cylinder’s axis is running vertically on the machine)
YZ Plane (if cylinder’s axis is running Left to Right on the machine)
ZX Plane (if cylinder’s axis is running Front to Back on the machine)
Meas MR Memory Recall the intersection point you wish to make origin
Coord CS Option 2 Create origin point
Option 4 last measured point
Meas KI Key in theoretical line at zero degrees to the relevant axis
Coord CS Option 3 Axis Alignment to the relevant axis

21
 Cylindrical Alignment
(Different Diameter)

EL2 8 points

Z Y

EL4 8 points
X
EL3 8 points
PL 4 points EL1 8 points
Memory Menu Command
Number
Sys PN Projection OFF
1 Meas EL Measure first ellipse (8 points)
2 Meas EL Measure second ellipse (8 points)
3 Meas EL Measure third ellipse (8 points)
4 Meas EL Measure fourth ellipse (8 points)
Calc CE Connect elements into a LN using four points
5 Meas PL Measure a plane on the end face (four points)
6 Calc IN This creates a point at the intersection of the plane and the line
Coord CS Option 2 Create Origin Point
Option 4 Last measured point
Meas MR Memory Recall the created line
Coord CS Option 1 Plane Alignment ………. of the ……….
XY Plane (if line is running vertically on the machine)
YZ Plane (if line is running Left to Right on the machine)
ZX Plane (if line axis is running Front to Back on the machine)
Meas KI Key in theoretical line at zero degrees to the relevant axis
Coord CS Option 3 Axis Alignment to the relevant axis
Option 8 Store co-ordinate system

22
 Co-ordinate System Menu

Option One - Plane Alignment

1. YZ Plane
Z
2. ZX Plane Y
3. XY Plane

Part
YZ

XY Plane
X
P
lan
e

ZX Plane
MACHINE

Option 1 is for aligning planes in all axes (get flat or level).

Example of measuring a hole, in the first case the adjacent face is aligned and will give
a correct result, in the second case the adjacent face is not aligned and the result will be
incorrect.

Incorrect
Z Correct X Z Result
Result

Aligned Not Aligned X

23
 Co-ordinate System Menu

Option Two - Create Origin Point

Sub Menu Options
1 To last measured ‘X’ co-ordinate
2 To last measured ‘Y’ co-ordinate
3 To last measured ‘Z’ co-ordinate
4 To last measured point
5 By input of co-ordinates
0 Exit from menu
Sub Menu Explanations
Options 1, 2 and 3 allow you to set the last measured point as origin for the individual axis
X, Y or Z.
Option 4 sets the last measured point as origin for all three axis X, Y and Z simultaneously.
Option 5 allows you to move the origin point to a theoretical position relative to the
previous origin.

ent
ovem
X movement Ym

Origin moved to here

Origin originally set here

24
 Co-ordinate System Menu

Option Three - Axis Alignment

Example One Align axis parallel to last measured line
A) Align as ‘X’ axis
Y
X
Align as ‘X’
axis
X

B) Align as ‘Y’ axis

Y
Align as ‘Y’
axis

Example Two Align axis through the origin and last measured centre point, intersection point etc..

Y
Top
Face X

Origin Last measured centre point

25
 Co-ordinate System Menu

Option Four - Offset Alignment

Example - Set component at 48.25mm offset to check 85.00 mm dimension
85.00

48.25

Memory Menu Command

Number
1 Meas PL Plane Measurement
Coord CS Co-ordinate System
1 Plane alignment
3 XY Plane
2 Meas CR Circle Measurement (datum hole)
Coord CS Co-ordinate system (origin)
2 Create origin point
4 To last measured point
3 Meas CR Circle measurement (2nd hole)
Coord CS Co-ordinate system
4 Offset alignment for axis
X As ‘X’ axis
Position ‘Y’ 48.25
Meas MR Offset hole
Check ‘X’ position against ‘Y’ offset
If not just measured, axis of rotation will be asked, ie in this example ‘Z’
26
 Co-ordinate System Menu

Option Six - Rotate Co-ordinate System

Example - Set component at 15 deg angle to check 24.5 mm dimension

Y1
24.5

X1

15 deg
X

Memory Menu Command

Number
1 Meas PL Plane Measurement
Coord CS Co-ordinate System
1 Plane alignment
3 XY Plane
2 Meas CR Circle measurement (left hole)
Coord CS Co-ordinate System (origin)
2 Create Origin Point
4 To last measured point
3 Meas CR Circle measurement (right hole)
Coord CS Co-ordinate System (axis)
3 Axis Alignment
X As X Axis
F8 OK Sets as X and Y in sketch above
Coord CS Co-ordinate System
6 Rotate
Z About the Z axis
15 (enter) 15 degrees
Sets as X 1 and Y1 in sketch above
4 Meas CR Circle Measurement
Check ‘Y’ Position against 24.5 dimension

27
 Measurement Commands

Measurement Commands
Side:- Cartesian SD
Side:- 2D Polar SD
Side:- 3D Polar SD
Circle:- CR
Sphere:- SP
Cone:- CO
Cylinder:- CY
Line:- LN
Plane:- PL
Point:- PT
Point with Compensation:- PP

28
 Measurement Menu

Side - (SD) - Single Point Command Z+

Single point with probe tip compensation

Y+
Faces measured must be parallel to the axes of the
current co-ordinate system.
X+

Example 1 - To obtain length from origin.

Length

Y After probing point, move

probe away perpendicular
Origin to the measured surface

Example 2 - To obtain height from origin.

Movement away from any surface,
After probing point 45 deg in either direction, is incorrect
move away vertically
Z-

Z-

Origin Height Height

Origin

29
 Measurement Menu

Side - (SD) - 2D Polar

Projection ON in Probed radial point

relevant plane Y

Return path towards

centre for
compensation of
probe tip radius

Origin

To measure radius of hole at Origin Point.

Set co-ordinate system with origin at the centre of the hole. Then use the following:-
CM Co-ordinate Mode Change
2 2D Polar
SD Side Measurement (single measurement)

Note:- Return the probe along the radial path towards the origin for holes, and away from
the origin for external diameters.
Each ‘side’ measurement must return back along the probed path.

30
 Measurement Menu

Side - (SD) - 3D Polar

Probing return path away from
centre for probe tip compensation

Probed radial point

Origin Each side measurement must

return back along probed path

To measure Radius of Sphere at Origin Point

Set co-ordinate system with origin at the centre of the sphere.

Memory Menu Command

Number
Sys PN Projection ON / OFF
4 Projection OFF
1 Meas SP Sphere
Coord CS Co-ordinate System
2 Create Origin Point
4 To last measured point
Coord CM Co-ordinate mode change
3 3D Polar
2 Meas SD Side measurement (single measurement)

31
 Measurement Menu

CIRCLE - (CR) - Minimum 3 points

Circle measurement is used for measuring internal and external diameters. If more than
the minimum amount of points are used, the maximum difference between those points
will be calculated i.e... the roundness. Note:- The computer discriminates between
internal and external diameters from the last measured point.
Example - Take a minimum of four points around a circle. The result will be the centre
position, diameter and roundness. Roundness will be omitted if the minimum amount of
points (3) are used.

Centre

Difference
between
roundness

Mean Diameter

A circle is 2D !!

32
 Measurement Menu

Sphere - (SP) - Minimum of 4 points

Z
Probing points Origin point

For measuring spherical shapes: Information stored are the X, Y and Z positions to the centre of the
sphere and the diameter of the sphere. If more than the minimum amount of points are used you will also
obtain the form of the sphere (maximum difference) or sphericity.
To find symmetry point of 2 spheres and set as origin.
Y

Sequence as follows:- X
Memory Menu Command
Number
Sys PN Projection ON / OFF
4 Projection OFF
1 Meas SP Sphere measurement
2 Meas SP Sphere measurement
3 Calc SY Symmetry
Coord CS Co-ordinate system
2 Create origin point
33
4 To last measured point
 Measurement Menu

Cone - (CO) - Minimum of six points

Apex

1
3

Measure a ‘cone’ as two 3 point circles (relative to cone axis).

All measurements relative to apex point.
Z Z

180 deg 0 deg

Angles related to cone

Irrespective whether you start top or bottom, cone direction is always away from the apex.
34
 Measurement Menu

Cylinder - (CY) - Minimum of five points

Direction of the
4 cylinder axis
5
1

3
2 probing points
true to cylinder axis

3 probing points
true to cylinder axis
(i.e... as a circle)

If the points are taken in reverse (i.e... at opposite ends of the cylinder) the direction of
the cylinder’s axis will be the reversed.

35
 Measurement Menu

LINE - (LN) Minimum of 2 points

An example of the screen display for line measurement is as follows.

1 N0001 X Y Z DD Max. Difference

X deg Y deg Z deg

Y
3D

Y deg

Projected Line to Infinity

Physically Measured Line

DD

X
X deg

36
 Measurement Menu

Plane - ( PL) - Minimum of 3 points

NOTE: The dimension obtained from the measurement of a plane is at the shortest
distance from the origin to the plane, projected at relative angles to the co-ordinate system.
(Perpendicular distance).

Z+ A plane is infinite and is defined by

the angle of the perpendicular to the
X, Y, Z of the co-ordinate system.

Z
X Position of Plane

Direct
Distance
Normal to Plane

Actual Z Position
Z Angle
Plane of Plane

X Angle

37
 Measurement Menu

Point - ( PT)
With this command the complete spacial (X,Y & Z) co-ordinates are identified. However,
these are the co-ordinates of the probe centre - there is no probe radius compensation for
this element.
Co-ordinate values for X,Y & Z are displayed. If the measurement is projected, the third
co-ordinate value equals zero.
e.g. if the XY plane is activated then the Z co-ordinate equals zero.

Example:
Point
To measure the width of slot

Line #2 Points

Measure a line [LN] along one edge of the slot, then measure a point [PT] on
the opposite edge.
Select the calculation command Distance [DI], choose option #3 Add Radius
(of the stylus) to give the slot width.
Note: The width is taken through the centre of the point and perpendicular to
the line.

38
 Measurement Menu

Point with Compensation - ( PP)

With this command the complete spacial (X,Y & Z) coordinates are identified.
Co-ordinate values for X,Y & Z are displayed. If the measurement is projected, the third
co-ordinate value equals zero.
e.g. if the XY plane is activated then the Z co-ordinate equals zero.
Unlike the Point [PT] command, compensation for the probe radius is calculated in the
direction that the probing was taken.
Therefore it is imperative that when using this command, probing must be normal to the
surface being measured. Otherwise errors will occur.

Probing direction normal

to surface
Probing direction incorrect

ERROR

*
*

CORRECT RESULT INCORRECT RESULT

Point has been compensated Point has been compensated
normal to the surface incorrectly in the probing direction

39
 Construction and Calculation Commands

Symmetry SY
Intersection IN
Connection Element CE
Distance DI
Angle AN
Formula Computation FC

40
 Calculation Menu

Symmetry - (SY) Y

Y Dimension
Origin

Circle Circle
Symmetry
measurement X measurement
Dimension Point

To find symmetry point between two holes :-

Set component co-ordinate system with origin at the centre of hole as above. Then use the
following:-
CR Circle (either hole first)
CR Circle (second hole)
SY Symmetry (X and Y position obtained of symmetry between holes).

To find symmetry point of a slot using the side command.

Probing Return Paths
Y

X
Origin

Set component co-ordinate system with origin at the centre of hole as marked. Then
using the following:-
SIDE Side measurement on one side of the slot
SIDE Side measurement on the other side of the slot
SY Symmetry (X position only obtainable at symmetry point of the slot
in the above example). 41
 Calculation Menu
Symmetry - (SY) - continued
Example One - Methods to obtain symmetry point
Diagram below shows correct and incorrect methods of using point to obtain symmetry.

Probe tip diameters

are different
Probe tip diameters
are the same size

CORRECT
INCORRECT

To find symmetry using the point command, set the co-ordinate system as required then
follow details below.

1 PT Point Point one side of tang or slot

2 PT Point Point other side of tang or slot
SY Symmetry Symmetry between points

If the symmetry between two measured points is to be obtained correctly, the points must
be measured using the same probe.
The symmetry point will deviate if different probe radii are used.

42
 Calculation Menu
Intersection - (IN)
Example One - Intersection of two lines
1 LN Line Measurement 1
2
2 LN Line Measurement 2 Y

2
IN Intersection point of two lines

ne
Li
Note - projection on in the XY Plane X
1

Intersection 1 Line 1 2
Point
Example Two - Intersection of a circle and a line
1 CR Circle Measurement
The intersection of a
2 LN Line Measurement circle and a line gives
IN Intersection of circle and line 2 intersections.

Intersection
3
Point
2
Y
Line

2 X

Circle
1
1 Intersection
Point

When the ‘IN’ command is entered, a sub menu is offered to individually define the two
intersection points required. These options relate to the position of the intersection
relative to the origin point.
Option 1 ‘X’ max Option 4 ‘X’ min
Option 2 ‘Y’ max Option 5 ‘Y’ min
Option 3 ‘Z’ max Option 6 ‘Z’ min
In the example shown above enter:
Option 5 for the nearest intersection to the origin in the ‘Y’ axis
Option 2 for the furthest intersection to the origin in the ‘Y’ axis 43
 Calculation Menu

Intersection - (IN) - Continued

Example Three - Intersection Corner

Plane A

Plane C
Plane B

Intersection

To find intersection:- Measure plane A and Plane B. Intersect the two planes and the result
will give you an intersection line. Measure Plane C and intersect [IN] with the line, the result
will be the intersection corner you require.

Example Four - Intersection of 2 circles that do not touch.

Symmetry Point

The intersection of two circles that do not touch will give you the symmetry point between
the circles.

44
 Calculation Menu

CONNECTION ELEMENT - (CE)

This is used to create elements using previously measured features.
Example - Measure ‘8’ holes and find the pitch circle diameter
1 CR Circle Measurement Number 1
2 CR Circle Measurement Number 2
3 CR Circle Measurement Number 3
4 CR Circle Measurement Number 4
5 CR Circle Measurement Number 5
6 CR Circle Measurement Number 6
7 CR Circle Measurement Number 7
8 CR Circle Measurement Number 8
CE Connection Element
CR Type of Element
8 Number of Points

45
 Calculation Menu

Distance - (DI)
Examples of the distance command.
Example One - Distance between two faces, parallel to part co-ordinate system, using ‘side’.

SD Side measurement
Side 1
SD Side measurement

Y DI Distance

Side 1

Distance
X

Example Two
NOTE - Point/Point Distance 3 Dimensional as below to the centre of the probe tip
Point

Point

Distance

Example Three - Distance between a line and a point.

(Memory input if required)

1 LN Line measurement
s t ance
Di PT Point measurement
Point
DI Distance
Sub Menu
2
s t ance 1 Subtract Radius
Di nce
3
s t a 2 Distance without compensation
Line Di
3 Add radius
46
 Calculation Menu
Distance - (DI) - continued
Example Four - Direct distance between two circles

1 CR Circle Measurement
2 CR Circle Measurement
DI Distance
Choose the appropriate option from the ‘Distance Sub Menu’.

1 Distance Sub Menu

e
nc
i sta 1 Subtract Radius
D
2 Distance without compensation
3 Add radius

2
n ce Choose number required to obtain
sta
Di distance as per drawing i.e...
3
n ce Distance 1 = Wall thickness,
sta
Di Distance 2 = Between centres
Distance 3 = To outside of circles
(elongated slots etc.)

Example Five - Distance between intersection points

Memory Menu Command
Number
1 Meas LN Line measurement number 1 The distance would equal the
minimum diameter bar you would
2 Meas LN Line measurement number 2
need to produce the rectangular
3 Calc IN Intersection shape shown.
4 Meas LN Line measurement number 3
5 Meas LN Line measurement number 4
1 Intersection
6 Calc IN Intersection 2 Line 4
Meas MR Memory Recall
(3) First Intersection 2 1
ce
Line 1

tan
Line 3

Meas DI Distance
Dis

1 2

Intersection 1 Line 2 2
47
 Calculation Menu
Distance - (DI) - continued
Example Six - Distance between a line and an intersection point

1 LN Line Measurement 1
2 LN Line Measurement 2
3 IN Intersection
4 LN Line Measurement 3
DI Distance
Note:- The result is a perpendicular distance from the line to the intersection point.

Di
sta

2
n ce

2
e3
Lin
1
Line 2

2 Line 1 1
Intersection

48
 Calculation Menu

ANGLE - (AN)
Example One - Line - Line - Angle
To obtain the angle shown below, the lines should be probed as indicated, with the first
point adjacent to the intersection on both lines. It does not matter which line is measured
first.
e2
Lin
2

1
1 Angle

2
Line 1

Origin

Shown below is the order of point measurement to obtain the alternative angles. The
resultant figures relate to three dimensions and not two dimensions as is commonly used.

Angle 1
Angle 1
2 2 2
1
1 2
2
Angle

2 1
1

49
 Formula Computation - (FC)

The selection of this command enables the user to carry out mathematical calculations
within GEOPAK. They can be either single calculations or calculations using actual
measured results from either of the last two measured or recalled elements active on
screen.
The result fields of the last two elements have been given codes to allow any result to be
used in this command. The codes are as follows (L refers to the last measured or recalled
element on the screen).
DEFAULT GEOPAK DISPLAY
Result Field X Y Z dist/dia Form Error
Code L1 L2 L3 L7 L9
L4 L5 L6 L8
Therefore, referring to the above display:
L1 = the ‘X’ co-ordinate of the last measured element( from origin )
L2 = the ‘Y’ co-ordinate of the last measured element etc...
Note:- If polar co-ordinates are active, L1 would be the radial distance of the element from
the origin, L2 would be the angular position.
The codes L4, L5 and L6 refer to the angles of the element ie. L4 will be the ‘X’ angle of a
line or a plane. If the last element is a circle or an intersection point, these codes would not
apply.
Some of the codes will vary depending on the type of element measured i.e. the code L7
will be a diameter if the last element is a circle, if the last element is a line then L7 will be
the distance of the line from the origin.
The codes may also vary depending on the settings in the MC (Mode Change) command
i.e.... L9 can be form-error or variance.
Function Explanation
After selection of the command [FC], the program presents a window for the user to enter
the following information …
Res: Enter the required calculation
Result Number: For storage of the result (from 0 - 99)
Number of digits Decimal places required
After input of the above information and confirmation with [F8], the program computes
the answer to the formula and stores the result to the designated result number.

50
 Formula Computation - (FC)

Permitted Symbols
The following symbols may be used as part of the formula computation …
[+] = Addition [-] = Subtraction
[*] = Multiplication [/] = Division
[^] = Raise to the power of [Sqrt] = Square Root
[Sin] = Sine of an angle [Cos] = Cosine of an angle
[Tan] = Tangent of an angle [Asn] = Arc Sine
[Acs] = Arc Cosine
[PI ] = (Greek letter for constant 3.14159)
Example of Use
If, for calculation purposes, you needed to know the Cosine of a cone angle :
• firstly, measure the cone to give the result ….
i.e... X - position Y - position Z - position Included Angle Form Error
X - Angle Y - Angle Z - Angle Half Inc. Angle
Note:- the angle is in the L7 location
• secondly, call [FC] Formula computation this will display the window ….
[FC]

Res:
Result Number : 1
Number of digits : 3

F7 : Cancel F8 : OK

•type in the calculation required i.e. Cos L7 and press ‘F8’ this will calculate the
cosine of the value in location L7.
• the result will be calculated to 3 decimal places and stored as result number 1

51
 Formula Computation - (FC)
Some other symbols that may be used include:
ANG …….. for the last calculated angle command (AN)
D1, D2, D3 or D4 ….. for the last calculated distance command (DI):
where D1 = X distance and D2 = Y distance
Other result numbers i.e... Res 1 + Res 2
If a calculation is required on the previous measured element then the prefix ‘L’ is simply
replaced by the prefix ‘P’ in the calculation.
Examples
Y

Hole 2

Angle code L2
Hole 1

Angle code P2

X
Using formula computation to calculate the angle between two holes
•Measure both of the holes in 2D polar, this will give the angular position of each
hole relative to the ‘X’ axis, the angle for the first hole will have the code ‘P2’ the
second hole ‘L2’.
• Call formula computation [FC] and type in the formula :

[FC]

Res: L2-P2
Result Number : 2
Number of digits : 2

F7: Cancel F8 : OK

• This will take the angle in the location ‘P2’ away from the angle in the location
‘L2’, the result will be calculated to 2 decimal places as result number 2.
• Note: the result of an angle in [FC] can only be presented in degrees decimal.
52
 Example of Tolerance Comparison (TO)
Y
80.0 +/- 0.25

Datum

X
30.0 +/- 0.3

Hole A
20.0 Dia +/- 0.1
Example - Check hole ‘A’ and tolerance for size and position.
Set up component
Memory Menu Command
Number
1 Meas CR Circle measurement in hole ‘A’
Tol TO Tolerance comparison
3 Feature Element
1 Diameter 20.0 Nominal Value
0.1 Upper Limit
-0.1 Lower Limit
Tol TO Tolerance comparison
4 Position
1 Position ‘X’ 80.0 Nominal Value
0.25 Upper Limit
-0.25 Lower Limit
Tol TO Tolerance comparison
4 Position
2 Position ‘Y’ 30.0 Nominal Value
0.3 Upper Limit
-0.3 Lower Limit

53
 Copying Programs

Copy Programmes to Floppy Disc

Format disc as follows:-
From MPM Screen, select the appropriate FORMAT box. System will go into
DOS and prompt the FORMAT command, giving the necessary instructions to
follow. The next stage is done in GEOPAK.
Return to GEOPAK and type in DM : DIRECTORY MODE.
Press F2.
A window will appear on the screen and show the directory paths that have
been set up to receive Part Programmes on the hard disc. (C:).
Four ‘F’ keys will be shown. (F1 to F4). F4 shows A:\ this is the floppy disc
drive. Press F4.
System will then say “disc not initialised for Parts. Try to Initialise?” Select
YES. The system prompts “Total number of lines”. Type in 25000 (for high
density discs). When initialisation is complete, it will ask for disc/file name,
(if you want to label disc). Press ENTER for no name.
The disc is now prepared for GEOPAK Software. Use arrow keys to select the
programme you want to copy and then press ENTER.
System will prompt the same name as the programme you have selected (the
name can be changed if required). Press ENTER key. The programme will
then be copied on to the disc.
Press F2: COPY PROGRAMME, to close off the sequence. Only when the
green light on the disc drive goes out is the copying complete.
Check that the programme has actually been copied by pressing F4: SWITCH
DIRECTORY. The same window will appear again. Press F4: A:\ and the
system will view the A: drive and show the contents of the disc.
Press F4: SWITCH DIRECTORY and select the GEOPAK directory you have
been working on, returning you back to the main directory.

54
 Headlines

Heading
Heading for the company logo and HL for DRG.No., etc can be changed only from the
MPM screen.
1 Select “Headline” from MPM screen using arrows
2 First page shown will have the Company logo
3 Leave line 1 blank, a border of hash marks will be input
4 Alter any of the lines necessary.
5 Leave last line blank for hash border
6 Three % % % signs indicates end. Press ENTER for second page.
Second Page has DRG.NO., Issue No., etc
1 Make any additions or alterations (up to 23 line)
2 Finish again with three % % % signs.
3 Press ENTER. First page will be shown again.
4 Press ENTER again. Second page will be shown again.
5 Headline to printer ? (Y/N). Select (N).

55
 Directory Mode

DM - Directory Mode
The blue box (bottom RH Corner) gives the Directory's code (ie.C:\GEOPAK\PART01\). It
also gives its assigned name, the amount of lines that were opened and the amount still
available.
F1 Toggles between two levels to give different values for the “F” keys.
F2 COPY PROGRAMME - To copy programmes (see page 54).
F3 CHANGE NAME - The name of any programme can be changed by
highlighting required programme and pressing ENTER.
F4 SWITCH DIRECTORY - To Switch to a different Directory
F5 DELETE ENTRY - To delete or remove a programme from the directory.
Highlight required programme. Press ENTER. Computer will offer the name of
the programme and “N ?” for NO. Press “Y”--- DELETE.
F6 REPEAT MODE - Allows running or repeating of a programme from the
Directory Mode. Highlight the required programme and press ENTER.
F7 EDIT MODE - allows entry to the programme editor. Highlight the required
programme with the arrow keys, press ENTER.
F8 EXIT - Directory Mode.
Press F1 to SECOND LEVEL:
F2 BUFFER UPDATE - Updates the buffer of a particular programme. Highlight
required programme, press ENTER. This performs the same task as ‘Buffer
Update?’ in Edit Mode.
F3 RE-LEARN MODE - Used to flag a programme as unfinished. Highlight
required programme, press ENTER, the computer will insert ‘L’ next to the
programme name. The user can add more information to the programme at
the end point. The flagged programme is run in Repeat Mode (RM) until the
end, it then returns into Learn Mode (LM) to allow more measurement. The
flagged programme must be the last one in the directory to allow this to be
done. If it is not last, it must be placed there by using the ‘Copy Programme’.
F4 DIRECTORY LIST - Lists the contents of the directory to the printer.
F5 DIRECTORY PACK - Re-packs the Directory Buffer after any programmes
have been deleted.
F6 CHANGE UNIT - Changes a program from Metric to Imperial.
F7 STATISTICS - Used for STATPAK only.
F8 SUB - ROUTINE - create a sub-routine program.
56
 System Parameters

PM - System Parameters
The parameters of the machine have been pre-set. It is suggested that you call up the System
Parameters (PM), set the printer to top of the page and press the ‘PRINT SCREEN’ button on
the keyboard. This will give you a hard copy of your particular machines setting’s. This can
be referred to in the event of changes that may have been made to the Parameters.
To change a Particular Parameter.
Highlight the Parameter using the arrow keys and press ‘ENTER’ (there may be more than
one choice). The main use for System Parameter is to change the Operators name.
OPERATOR is the first entry on the parameter page. Highlight ‘OPERATOR’ and press
ENTER, type in the operators name and press ENTER. This name will remain in the system
until changed again.

Directory path for the part programmes, (probe data and co-ord data)
The default setting for the paths will be C:\GEOPAK\PART 01\
To change a directory path, highlight ‘Directory Path for Part Programmes’, press ‘ENTER’,
a window will appear showing the directory paths that have been set to receive programmes.
Select the required directory and press ‘ENTER’.
To create a new directory, select function key F3 ‘Manual Path Input’ from the window and
type in the new directory name ie. C:\GEOPAK\directory name\

No. of End Lines in a Part Programme.

When ending a programme (ED), GEOPAK will allow a specified amount of free lines for
additional input via the Edit Mode (EM). The default setting is 10, however it can be
increased for extensive editing.

57
 System Parameters (cont).

Store without transformation

OFF (normal setting)
Any element measured will be stored automatically into the memory and
whenever recalled (MR), will be activated into the current Co-ordinate System.
Three further options are available by pressing the enter key:-
ASK N When an element command is called, computer will ask:
‘Store without transformation?’ (Y/N) N
If “N” is selected, the element will be recalled into the current Co-ordinate
System. If “Y” is selected, the element will be stored with, and recalled (MR)
with, data relevant to the co - ordinate system in which it was measured.
ASK Y As above, except that “Y” is offered at ‘Store without transformation?’
ON Element will be stored in the Co-ordinate System it was measured in and if
recalled into any other Co-ordinate System, will still retain it’s original data.
Automatic Element Repetition : ON OFF
ON When an element is called eg. CR, the centre of the screen will show a
window, with numbers indicating the measurement points required (1-4).
When measurement is complete, the window will automatically re-appear
allowing further circles to be measured. When all circle measurement is
complete, press F8 to close off CR routine.
OFF Window will not automatically re-appear.

“F” keys at bottom of screen:

F7 ABORT - When incorrect changes are made to the system parameters. This
will reset the original parameters.
F8 EXIT - When correct changes have been made. This will activate them.

58
 Program Editing

Edit Mode
Eight F Keys
F1 LIST PROGRAMME : Prints out programme between prompted line numbers.
F2 MARK LINES : Places a / between line number and the line. Any lines
marked thus, can be skipped over when running a programme.
F3 PACK PROGRAMME :Used for closing any gaps left in the programme after
lines have been deleted.
F4 COPY / DELETE LINE : (Cut and Paste). Allows a line to be removed from
one position in the programme and moved to another. First press F5 and
highlight the line to be moved, press ENTER to delete the line. Press F6 to
insert a line and use arrow keys to open up the new position, press F4. The
deleted line will now be in the new position.
F5 DELETE LINE : Used to delete unwanted lines from a part programme.
F6 INSERT LINE : Used to insert lines, as in Single and Learn modes.
F7 CHANGE LINE : Used to alter a line in the programme.
F8 EXIT : Exit mode functions when alterations to programme are made.
The following is offered - Buffer Update (N).
The answer must always be ‘Y’ to Update the computer buffer.
NOTE:-
When in the editor, various keys on the keyboard can be used to select programme line
numbers:
HOME / END - keys move you to the top and bottom of the programme respectively.
PAGE UP / DOWN - keys move you through the programme a page at a time.
TAB - key allows you to input any required line number and move automatically to it.

59
 TYPES OF ELEMENT CALCULATION

(TCHEBYCHEV GEOMETRY)

When an element has been measured, the mathematical calculation employed on the
meaured points follows GAUSSIAN criteria.
Whilst this is the accepted method of calculation, giving in effect the best-fit element to
the points taken, it must be accepted that this information is not always satisfactory should
the user need to take into account “fitness-for-purpose”.
In order to address this situation, GEOPAK makes provision for additional post
processing upon the measurement result, by utilising the calculations of Tchebychev
Geometry.
To use this facility, first measure the element with more than the minimum number of
points, achieving the GAUSSIAN result, then invoke the [ TG ] command.
The effects of Tchebychev Geometry on a circle are explained below and will be better
understood if the Element Graphics [ EG ] command is employed, giving visual
comparisons at each stage of the calculation.
EXAMPLE:
If a circle is measured with several points (8 minimum recommended), the Gaussian
result will give the ‘Best Fit’ of the measured points to a calculated circle. Element
Graphics will show the Circle with the variation of points distributed about the calculated
circle.
Invoking the Tchebychev Geometry [ TG ] command and selecting option 1, will result in
the External Adjacent Element (largest circle) being calculated. This result shows that the
centre of the circle has moved, the diameter is larger and the roundness has altered. The
Element Graphics will show the calculated circle passing through the three points furthest
from the Gaussian centre, the dispersal of the other points is inwards.
When applied to a bore, this information can be used to adjust machine tool settings,
allowing the re-machining of a bore (clean-up) whilst removing the minimum amount of
material. The expected new minimum diameter is also output.

60
 TYPES OF ELEMENT CALCULATION

(TCHEBYCHEV GEOMETRY)

Invoking the [ TG ] command and selecting option 2, will result in the Internal Adjacent
Element ( smallest circle ) being calculated. Once again, the centre of the circle has moved
and the diameter and roundness have altered. The circle calculated passes through the
three points closest to the Gaussian centre, the dispersal of the other points is outwards.
This information, when applied to a shaft, also provides machine setting figures and
expected diameters should the shaft need re-machining with minimum material removal.
The Minimum Zone Element calculates the circle with the smallest form error.
Investigation of these results will show that the Gaussian centre has been ignored and a
circle identified which has the smallest roundness figure. The result can be accepted as
the largest plug gauge that will fit into a bore, or the smallest ring gauge into which a
shaft will fit.

61
 How big is a micron ?

Human Hair Size

0.0762mm (0.003inch)
0.00254 mm (0.0001 inch)

Particle of Dust
0.004 mm (0.000157 inch)

0.0254 mm (0.001 inch)

Particle of Cigarette Smoke

0.0025
inch) mm (0.000098

THE MICRON
0.001 mm (0.00003937 inch)

A 100mm (4 inch) iron rod will

change in length by 0.012 mm
(0.00047 inch) at a temperature
change of 10 deg C.

62
 Appendix One
Angles in Relation to Geometric Elements

Z+
0 deg

X- Y+
(180 deg) 0 deg

3 Dimensional View
of Axis

X+
Y-
0 deg
(180 deg)

Z-
(180 deg)

X 90 deg
Y 0 deg

X 135 deg X 45 deg

Y 45 deg Y 45 deg

X 180 deg
X 0 deg VIEW ON THE
Y 90 deg
Y 90 deg XY Plane

X 45 deg
X 135 deg Y 135 deg Z+
Y+
Y 135 deg
X 90 deg
Y 180 deg

X+

63
 Appendix One (cont)
Angles in Relation to Geometric Elements

Y 90 deg
Z 0 deg

Y 135 deg Y 45 deg

Z+
Z 45 deg Z 45 deg Y+

Y 0 deg
Y 180 deg
Z 90 deg
Z 90 deg X+

Y 45 deg
Y 135 deg Z 135 deg VIEW ON THE
Z 135 deg
Y 90 deg
YZ Plane
Z 180 deg

Z 0 deg
X 90 deg

Z 45 deg Z 45 deg
X 45 deg X 135 deg

Z 90 deg
Z 90 deg VIEW ON THE
X 0 deg
X 180 deg ZX Plane

Z 135 deg Z+
Z 135 deg X 135 deg Y+
X 45 deg
Z 180 deg
X 90 deg

X+

64